Accountapedia: UK Tax and Accounting Wiki

Accountapedia is the Solar Protect encyclopedia of UK tax and accounting: a plain English reference to the tax, accounting and HMRC topics that small businesses, company directors, landlords and their accountants deal with every day. Each entry answers a real question in full, links to the related entries around it, and is kept current with UK tax rules. Use it to understand a term before a deadline, a decision or a letter from HMRC, and follow the links to go deeper.

Solar Protect arranges tax investigation insurance, so this reference naturally leans towards the areas where HMRC asks questions. It is written to inform rather than to sell. Where a topic connects to the risk of an enquiry, we say so and link to the relevant cover, but every entry stands on its own as a useful explainer.

Browse by section

• Business structure and company tax (172 entries)
• Expenses, reliefs and accounting (112 entries)
• VAT (262 entries)
• Payroll and employment taxes (349 entries)
• Self Assessment and deadlines (81 entries)
• Dealing with HMRC (324 entries)
• For accountants (286 entries)
• Personal tax, property and wealth (687 entries)
• Accounting and standards (551 entries)
• Company law and admin (465 entries)
• Tax investigation insurance (32 entries)

Business structure and company tax

Open the Business structure and company tax section index

• Sole trader vs limited company
• Corporation tax explained
• Salary vs dividends
• Director’s loan account
• Marginal Relief on Corporation Tax
• Business Asset Disposal Relief
• The confirmation statement
• How to pay dividends legally
• Corporation Tax deadlines
• Capital Gains Tax rates
• Inheritance Tax Business Relief
• Dividend allowance and tax rates
• Pension tax relief for business owners
• Associated Companies and Corporation Tax
• Employment Related Securities: The Basics
• Gift Holdover Relief for Capital Gains
• Incorporation Relief: Transferring a Business to a Company
• Share for Share Exchange and Tax
• Group Relief for Corporation Tax
• A Director’s Tax Responsibilities
• The Patent Box Explained
• Close Company Rules Explained
• Substantial Shareholding Exemption Explained
• Connected Persons and Capital Gains Tax
• ATED: Annual Tax on Enveloped Dwellings
• Family Investment Companies Explained
• Dividend Waivers and Alphabet Shares Explained
• Employee Ownership Trusts Explained
• Closing a Limited Company: MVL, Strike Off and Tax
• How HMRC Taxes Crypto
• Registering a new company for corporation tax
• The CT600 company tax return explained
• Accounting periods vs periods of account
• Long first accounts: splitting into two tax returns
• Quarterly instalment payments for large companies
• Company trading losses: carry back and carry forward
• The corporate loss restriction for large losses
• Change of company ownership and loss forfeiture
• Capital gains and losses in a company
• Reclaiming section 455 tax on director loans
• Director loan repayments and the 30 day rule
• Unpaid director bonuses and the nine month rule
• Company donations to charity: getting tax relief
• Are company formation costs tax deductible
• Dividends received by companies: the exemption
• Loan relationships: how companies are taxed on loans
• The corporate interest restriction
• Late paid interest between connected parties
• Intercompany loans: interest, write offs and tax
• Intangible assets: the corporation tax regime
• Investment companies and management expenses
• Close investment holding companies
• Corporation tax for property investment companies
• Holding companies: tax pros and cons
• Capital gains groups and degrouping charges
• Hive downs and transfers of trade within a group
• Demergers: statutory and liquidation demergers
• Share buybacks: capital or income for the seller
• The TAAR on distributions in a winding up
• Transfer pricing: when it applies to smaller companies
• Corporation tax for clubs and unincorporated associations
• R&D claim notification and the additional information form
• iXBRL tagging for company tax returns
• Corporation tax relief for employee share acquisitions
• Senior accounting officer duties
• Publishing a tax strategy for large businesses
• Notifying uncertain tax treatments
• Corporation tax during liquidation
• Spreading large employer pension contributions
• Selling company assets to a director below value
• Consortium relief for company losses
• What counts as plant and machinery
• Integral features and the special rate pool
• Balancing charges and balancing allowances
• Short life asset elections
• Section 198 elections when buying commercial property
• Capital allowances on cars and CO2 emissions
• Hire purchase vs leasing: the tax treatment
• 100% first year allowance for EV chargepoints
• Freeport and investment zone tax reliefs
• Software and website costs: capital or revenue
• Venture capital trusts
• Relief for cleaning up contaminated or derelict sites
• Audio visual expenditure credit for film and TV
• Video games expenditure credit
• Theatre tax relief
• Orchestra tax relief
• Museums and galleries exhibition tax relief
• Long funding leases and capital allowances
• Corporation tax rates explained
• Associated companies and corporation tax limits
• Corporation tax limits for short accounting periods
• When is corporation tax due
• Corporation tax late filing penalties
• Interest on late and overpaid corporation tax
• Your company’s first corporation tax return
• What is a corporation tax computation
• How to amend a company tax return
• Are pension contributions deductible for companies
• What happens when a company pays a director’s bills
• Can my company’s losses reduce my personal tax
• What is a close company
• Participators and associates in close companies
• How s455 tax on overdrawn director’s loans works
• Writing off a director’s loan
• Benefits to participators treated as distributions
• What counts as a distribution for corporation tax
• Paying dividends to overseas shareholders
• Distributions on striking off and the £25,000 limit
• Group payment arrangements for corporation tax
• Corporation tax instalments for very large companies
• How group relief for losses works
• Group relief for carried forward losses
• Group relief when a company joins or leaves a group
• Reallocating chargeable gains within a group
• Non trading loan relationship deficits
• Property business losses in a company
• Transfer pricing documentation requirements
• Thin capitalisation and intra group debt
• Does transfer pricing apply between UK companies
• Hybrid mismatch rules for companies
• EIS income tax relief for investors
• Carrying back EIS and SEIS relief
• When EIS or SEIS relief is withdrawn
• Claiming EIS relief with an EIS3 certificate
• Community investment tax relief for investors
• EIS, SEIS and VCT relief compared
• How the Annual Investment Allowance is calculated
• Sharing the AIA between related businesses
• Full expensing for company plant and machinery
• Selling assets after full expensing
• The 50% first year allowance for special rate assets
• The 40% first year allowance from 2026
• Capital allowance writing down rates
• Full expensing or the Annual Investment Allowance
• Capital allowances on assets brought into a business
• Should you claim less than full capital allowances
• Research and development capital allowances
• The merged R&D expenditure credit scheme
• Enhanced R&D intensive support for loss makers
• What counts as R&D for tax relief
• Which costs qualify for R&D tax relief
• Who claims R&D relief on contracted work
• Restrictions on overseas R&D costs
• Can software development qualify for R&D relief
• The PAYE cap on R&D payable credits
• What to expect in a HMRC R&D enquiry
• Accounting for group relief payments
• 52 or 53 week accounting periods
• Which CT600 supplementary pages a company needs
• Independent film tax credit
• AIA in a short or long accounting period
• Can I claim capital allowances I missed
• Landlord or tenant: who claims allowances on fixtures
• Do grants reduce capital allowances
• Capital allowances in the final year of a business
• The small pools allowance
• Capital allowances on solar panels and batteries
• Capital allowances on vans and pickups
• Can I claim capital allowances on second hand assets
• Own business premises personally or in your company
• Pre entry capital losses when a company joins a group
• Valuing trading stock when a trade ends
• Are business interruption insurance payouts taxable
• Can a company deduct the costs of buying a business
• Combining a business trip with a holiday: the tax
• Structured products: income or capital gain
• Can employees claim capital allowances on equipment
• Spouse travelling with an employee on business
• CT61: the return of income tax on company payments
• SEIS1: the SEIS compliance statement explained
• Keeping a UK limited company after moving abroad

Expenses, reliefs and accounting

Open the Expenses, reliefs and accounting section index

• Allowable business expenses
• Capital allowances explained
• Cash basis vs accruals
• R and D tax relief enquiries
• Mileage allowance and AMAP rates
• Working from home expenses
• Basis period reform
• Badges of trade
• Annual Investment Allowance
• Full expensing
• Pre trading expenses
• Simplified expenses
• The 40% First-Year Allowance Explained
• Rollover Relief on Business Assets
• R&D Tax Relief: An Overview
• Structures and Buildings Allowance Explained
• Mortgage Interest Relief for Landlords (Section 24)
• The £1,000 trading allowance
• How to register as self employed
• Record keeping rules for the self employed
• The wholly and exclusively rule explained
• Capital or revenue expenditure: how to tell
• Can you claim clothing as a business expense
• Business entertainment and client gifts: tax rules
• Travel expenses for the self employed
• Meals and subsistence for the self employed
• Are training and course costs tax deductible
• Are legal and professional fees tax deductible
• Are fines and penalties tax deductible
• Private use adjustments for sole traders
• Paying family members from your business
• Drawings for sole traders: are they taxable
• Claiming interest and finance costs as a sole trader
• Goods taken for own use: Sharkey v Wernher rule
• Are business grants taxable
• Using a trading loss against other income
• Early years trade loss relief
• Terminal loss relief when a trade ceases
• Carrying forward trading losses as an individual
• Loss relief restrictions for non active traders
• Partnership tax returns (SA800)
• How partnership profits are shared for tax
• Partners joining and leaving: the tax consequences
• Salaried member rules for LLP members
• Mixed member partnerships with corporate partners
• Stopping self employment: tax steps
• Post cessation receipts and expenses
• Employed and self employed at the same time
• Student loan repayments through Self Assessment
• Universal Credit and the minimum income floor
• Maternity Allowance for the self employed
• Basis period reform and the tax year basis
• Spreading transition profits over five years
• Choosing to accelerate transition profits
• What happened to overlap relief
• Apportioning profits with a non March year end
• Should a sole trader change year end to 31 March
• The cash basis for sole traders
• When to opt out of the cash basis
• Capital purchases under the cash basis
• Moving from cash basis to accruals: adjustments
• Flat rate mileage for the self employed
• Mileage rate or actual car costs: which to claim
• Claiming use of home when self employed
• Living at your business premises: the flat rate
• Phone and broadband costs for the self employed
• What expenses can a sole trader claim
• Can I claim childcare as a business expense
• How much to put aside for tax when self employed
• Why your first self employed tax bill is so big
• Your first tax year as a sole trader
• Short or full self employment pages: SA103S or SA103F
• What counts as turnover on a self employment return
• Setting trading losses against capital gains
• Bartering and swaps: are they taxable
• Selling things online: is it taxable
• Keeping a business mileage log
• Leasing a car as a sole trader: the 15% disallowance
• Are business insurance premiums tax deductible
• Advertising and marketing costs: what is allowable
• Can a sole trader claim charity donations
• The nominated partner’s duties
• Completing the partnership pages (SA104)
• Taking your spouse into partnership: tax effects
• How partnership losses are shared and used
• Tax reserves in partnerships and LLPs
• Sole trader or limited company: the tax comparison
• Late registration for self employment: penalties
• Accounting for a vehicle bought on PCP finance
• Uniform accounting policies in group accounts
• Stopping a business under MTD for Income Tax
• Duty free allowances for travellers entering the UK
• Ending a life interest during the beneficiary’s lifetime
• 100% allowance for zero emission goods vehicles
• The unallowable purpose rule for company loans
• Key person insurance: are premiums deductible
• Travel between two workplaces for the same employer
• Travel to training courses: can employees claim
• Getting advance funding from HMRC for statutory pay
• Relief for work related liabilities after leaving a job
• Crown servants working overseas: UK tax
• Form DT Individual: claiming treaty relief on UK income
• Lending money privately: tax on the interest
• Travel costs for employees working abroad
• Taking an emergency vehicle home: the tax exemption
• Home to work travel for disabled employees
• Employer paid travel during public transport strikes
• Attachment of earnings and deductions from pay orders
• Is a salary advance a loan or taxable pay
• AI bookkeeping tools and Making Tax Digital
• AI generated receipts and expense claims
• Christmas Gifts for Staff and Clients: Tax Rules

VAT

Open the VAT section index

• VAT registration threshold
• VAT compliance checks
• VAT penalty points
• The VAT Flat Rate Scheme
• VAT Cash Accounting Scheme
• VAT Margin Scheme
• VAT Annual Accounting Scheme
• Making Tax Digital for VAT
• The VAT Capital Goods Scheme
• VAT Partial Exemption Explained
• Opting to Tax Property for VAT
• VAT and the Transfer of a Going Concern
• VAT Flat Rate vs Standard: Which Is Better?
• VAT Domestic Reverse Charge for Construction
• Can You Reclaim VAT on Cars, Vans and Fuel?
• Correcting VAT errors
• How VAT works: output tax and input tax
• VAT rates: standard, reduced and zero
• Zero rated vs exempt supplies
• What counts as business activity for VAT
• Voluntary VAT registration
• VAT deregistration
• VAT group registration
• Artificial separation of businesses for VAT
• One VAT registration for all your sole trader businesses
• Overseas businesses registering for UK VAT
• What a valid VAT invoice must show
• Reclaiming VAT without a valid invoice
• Time of supply: VAT tax points
• VAT on deposits and advance payments
• Reclaiming VAT on costs before registration
• The four year cap on VAT claims
• VAT on business entertainment and staff entertaining
• Reclaiming VAT on employee expenses
• Business and private use: apportioning VAT
• Single or multiple supplies for VAT
• Acting as agent or principal for VAT
• Disbursements vs recharges for VAT
• Credit notes, discounts and VAT
• VAT on vouchers: single and multi purpose
• VAT on compensation and early termination fees
• Business gifts and samples: the VAT rules
• Promotional offers and VAT
• Lost, stolen or destroyed goods and VAT
• Filling in a VAT return: the nine boxes
• VAT payments on account for large businesses
• VAT retail schemes
• Holding companies and VAT recovery
• Management charges between companies: VAT
• Staff secondments and VAT
• The VAT cost sharing exemption
• Missing trader fraud and the Kittel principle
• Reverse charge on mobile phones, chips and specified goods
• Place of supply of services: B2B and B2C
• Reverse charge on services bought from abroad
• Postponed VAT accounting on imports
• Zero rating exports of goods: evidence
• Selling goods to EU customers after Brexit
• VAT on digital services to overseas consumers
• VAT and goods in Northern Ireland
• Online marketplaces and overseas sellers: VAT
• Dropshipping: VAT for UK sellers
• Membership subscriptions and VAT
• VAT reliefs for charities
• Charity fundraising events: the VAT exemption
• Charitable and residential purpose buildings: zero rating
• VAT on education and private school fees
• Private tutors and the VAT exemption
• Health and medical services: VAT exemption
• Welfare services and care: VAT exemption
• Financial services and the VAT exemption
• Food and VAT: zero rated or standard rated
• Hot takeaway food and catering VAT
• Children’s clothes and shoes: zero rating
• Books and publications: VAT zero rating
• Energy saving materials: the VAT zero rate
• Domestic fuel and power: the reduced rate
• VAT relief for disabled people
• New build homes: VAT zero rating
• Residential conversions: the reduced VAT rate
• Renovating empty homes: the reduced VAT rate
• VAT on annexes and extensions
• DIY housebuilders VAT refund scheme
• VAT on commercial property: sales and lettings
• VAT on service charges
• Holiday accommodation and VAT
• Passenger transport and VAT zero rating
• The tour operators margin scheme
• VAT on electric vehicle charging
• Chair and room rental in salons: VAT
• Sport and physical education: VAT exemption
• Cultural services: VAT exemption for admissions
• Car parking and garaging: VAT treatment
• Sponsorship income and VAT
• Insurance related services and the VAT exemption
• The agricultural flat rate scheme
• E invoicing in the UK: what is planned
• EORI numbers: who needs one
• Customs duty and commodity codes
• Rules of origin under the UK and EU trade agreement
• Customs agents: direct and indirect representation
• Inward processing relief
• Insurance premium tax
• Landfill Tax in England and Northern Ireland
• The Aggregates Levy
• The Climate Change Levy
• Plastic Packaging Tax
• The Soft Drinks Industry Levy
• Alcohol duty and small producer relief
• Machine Games Duty
• Air Passenger Duty
• Vehicle excise duty and the expensive car supplement
• Red diesel: who can still use it
• The Economic Crime Levy
• Digital Services Tax
• Residential Property Developer Tax
• The UK carbon border adjustment mechanism
• Pillar Two: multinational top up tax
• Customs special procedures explained
• How customs warehousing works
• Outward processing relief
• Returned goods relief
• Temporary admission and ATA carnets
• End use relief for customs duty
• Authorised Economic Operator status
• How customs value is worked out
• Duty deferment accounts
• Advance tariff rulings
• Duty and VAT on gifts and parcels sent to the UK
• Import VAT and customs duty compared
• Excise warehouses and duty suspension
• Alcohol Wholesaler Registration Scheme
• Draught relief for alcohol duty
• Vaping Products Duty explained
• How tobacco duty works
• Remote gaming duty and other gambling duties
• Plastic Packaging Tax exemptions
• Plastic Packaging Tax for importers
• Joint liability for Plastic Packaging Tax
• Plastic Packaging Tax and packaging EPR compared
• Plastic Packaging Tax returns and deadlines
• The rolling 12 month test for VAT registration
• The 30 day forward look test for VAT
• Can I avoid VAT registration after a one off spike
• What happens if you register for VAT late
• How to register for VAT online
• Charging VAT while waiting for a VAT number
• How to check a VAT registration number
• The limited cost trader rule in the Flat Rate Scheme
• Should I leave the VAT Flat Rate Scheme
• Cash accounting or Flat Rate Scheme for VAT
• Partial exemption de minimis limits
• The partial exemption annual adjustment
• When to apply for a partial exemption special method
• How to notify HMRC of an option to tax
• Can you revoke an option to tax
• Option to tax when converting to residential use
• Option to tax anti avoidance for connected occupiers
• TOGC rules for selling a let commercial property
• End users in the construction reverse charge
• Construction reverse charge and the Flat Rate Scheme
• Place of supply for property related services
• VAT on admission to events in the UK and abroad
• Proving an overseas customer is in business for VAT
• Use and enjoyment rules for VAT
• The VAT margin scheme for second hand goods
• Global accounting for second hand goods
• VAT margin scheme for used car dealers
• The VAT auctioneers’ scheme
• VAT on investment gold
• How the VAT fuel scale charge works
• Reclaiming VAT on mileage allowances
• Can a business reclaim VAT on a car
• VAT on leasing a car and the 50% block
• VAT on vans and double cab pickups
• Do I charge VAT when selling business assets
• Can my company reclaim VAT on personal costs
• VAT on restaurant tips and service charges
• VAT on room and venue hire
• VAT on postage and delivery charges
• VAT on training courses and CPD
• VAT on sales to the Channel Islands and Isle of Man
• Do overseas sales count for the VAT threshold
• VAT repayment supplement
• Why is my VAT repayment delayed
• VAT return and payment deadlines
• VAT late payment penalties and interest
• How to clear VAT penalty points
• Penalties for errors on VAT returns
• Can I pay my VAT bill in instalments
• Exemption from MTD for VAT
• What happens in a HMRC VAT inspection
• Penalty for charging VAT when not registered
• VAT central assessments when no return is filed
• VAT assessment time limits and the one year rule
• How VAT statutory reviews work
• The VAT evasion offence under section 72
• Appealing a VAT late submission penalty point
• The excise movement and control system
• Moving goods under the Common Transit Convention
• Reclaiming overpaid import duty with C285
• UK Internal Market Scheme for goods into Northern Ireland
• Incoterms: who pays import VAT and duty
• Import VAT certificates and statements
• The UK Global Tariff explained
• VAT when a receiver or lender sells a property
• VAT on protective boots and helmets
• VAT on water and sewerage charges
• VAT on supplies to connected parties below value
• Can I charge VAT after registering late
• Unjust enrichment and VAT repayment claims
• VAT on residential caravans and houseboats
• VAT on goods sold abroad that never enter the UK
• VAT on stage payments and retentions in construction
• Can I register for VAT before I start trading
• Exempt or outside the scope of VAT: the difference
• VAT on crowdfunding
• Is there VAT on card processing fees
• VAT on hiring out sports facilities
• Can I reclaim VAT on home office costs
• VAT on goods sent on sale or return
• Are grants and donations subject to VAT
• Do you charge VAT on late payment interest
• VAT on sales to embassies and diplomats
• VAT on international freight and haulage
• Is VAT due on salary sacrifice benefits
• VAT self billing arrangements
• VAT on invoices in a foreign currency
• Partial exemption standard method override
• VAT65A refunds for overseas businesses
• How a UK business reclaims VAT paid in the EU
• Reclaiming VAT after deregistering with VAT427
• Transferring a VAT number with form VAT68
• Registering a partnership for VAT with VAT2
• Updating VAT registration details with VAT484
• Can I change my VAT return periods
• VAT divisional registration
• VAT on insurance claim repairs
• Who reclaims VAT on legal costs paid by the other side
• VAT on horse livery and stabling
• Is there VAT on cryptoassets
• VAT on works of art and antiques
• VAT on betting, gaming and lotteries
• VAT on funeral, burial and cremation services
• VAT on cosmetic and aesthetic treatments
• Do nurseries charge VAT on childcare fees
• VAT on hotel stays longer than 28 days
• Real estate elections for VAT
• VAT on lease surrenders and reverse surrenders
• Can you reclaim VAT on costs of selling a company
• Do I repay VAT on supplier bills I have not paid
• VAT on online marketplace seller fees
• VAT on mobility aids for people aged 60 or over
• Is there VAT relief on listed building work
• VAT on selling a new commercial building
• Do you charge VAT on residential rent
• VAT on goods sold into the UK under £135
• VAT1: applying to register for VAT by post explained
• VAT100: the VAT return and its nine boxes explained
• VAT652: telling HMRC about errors in VAT returns
• VAT7: the form to cancel your VAT registration
• Invoicing overseas clients as a UK IT consultant

Payroll and employment taxes

Open the Payroll and employment taxes section index

• Benefits in kind and the P11D
• Construction Industry Scheme (CIS)
• IR35 and off-payroll working
• Employer compliance checks
• The Employment Allowance
• The trivial benefits exemption
• Class 1A National Insurance
• Company car tax
• Payrolling benefits in kind
• Salary Sacrifice Schemes Explained
• EMI Share Options Explained
• CSOP Share Options Explained
• IR35 and Off Payroll Working Explained
• PAYE tax codes explained
• P60, P45 and payslips: what employers must give
• Statutory Sick Pay: employer rules
• National Minimum Wage rules for employers
• Workplace pension auto enrolment: employer duties
• Student loan deductions through payroll
• Employed or self employed: the status tests
• HMRC’s CEST tool: how it works and its limits
• Umbrella companies: how they work and the tax risks
• Agency workers and intermediaries reporting
• Real Time Information: FPS and EPS explained
• PAYE late filing and late payment penalties
• Registering as an employer with HMRC
• New starters: the starter checklist and tax codes
• Section 690 directions for internationally mobile employees
• How bonuses are taxed through PAYE
• PAYE Settlement Agreements explained
• Tax on termination payments and the £30,000 exemption
• Payment in lieu of notice and PENP
• Settlement agreements: the tax treatment of each element
• Statutory redundancy pay: how it is calculated
• Holiday pay for irregular hours and part year workers
• Statutory Maternity Pay: employer rules
• Statutory Paternity Pay: employer rules
• Shared Parental Pay explained for employers
• Statutory Neonatal Care Pay
• Recovering statutory payments and Small Employers’ Relief
• Tips, gratuities and tronc schemes
• Company van benefit and van fuel benefit
• Car fuel benefit charge
• Living accommodation provided to employees
• Beneficial loans to employees
• Private medical insurance as a benefit in kind
• The employer provided mobile phone exemption
• The annual functions exemption for staff parties
• Long service awards: the tax exemption
• Relocation expenses: the £8,000 exemption
• Cycle to work schemes
• Workplace electric vehicle charging: tax rules
• Claiming tax relief on employment expenses
• Professional subscriptions: tax relief and HMRC List 3
• Employee travel: temporary workplaces and the 24 month rule
• Subsistence: benchmark scale rates and bespoke rates
• The paid and reimbursed expenses exemption
• Employer funded training: the tax exemption
• Exempt health benefits: eye tests, flu jabs and screening
• Gift vouchers and cash gifts to staff
• Gifts and hospitality from third parties
• Equipment provided for home working
• Employer supported childcare and workplace nurseries
• Car allowance or company car: the tax comparison
• Tax on income protection and sick pay insurance
• Payroll year end: what employers must do
• Correcting payroll errors from earlier tax years
• The Apprenticeship Levy explained
• Share Incentive Plans (SIP)
• Save As You Earn (Sharesave) schemes
• Unapproved share options: tax on exercise
• Growth shares for employees
• Section 431 elections on restricted shares
• Readily convertible assets and PAYE on shares
• Phantom share schemes
• Valuing unquoted shares for employee schemes
• Employee benefit trusts: tax treatment
• Worker, employee or self employed: employment rights
• Paying director fees to a company instead of payroll
• Employing a nanny: payroll and tax
• National Insurance classes explained
• Directors’ National Insurance: the annual earnings period
• Voluntary Class 2 contributions
• Paying voluntary Class 3 contributions
• Checking your NI record for State Pension
• National Insurance credits: who gets them
• National Insurance category letters
• Employer NI reliefs for young staff, veterans and freeports
• National Insurance with more than one job
• National Insurance after State Pension age
• Getting a refund of overpaid National Insurance
• National Insurance when working abroad
• Deferring Class 1 National Insurance
• Employer NI on termination payments
• The pension annual allowance
• Pension carry forward of unused allowance
• The tapered annual allowance
• The money purchase annual allowance
• The lump sum allowance after the lifetime allowance
• The lump sum and death benefit allowance
• Relief at source vs net pay pension schemes
• Claiming higher rate relief on pension contributions
• Relevant UK earnings and the £3,600 rule
• Pension withdrawals and emergency tax
• Uncrystallised funds pension lump sums (UFPLS)
• Flexi access drawdown: the tax rules
• Small pension pots lump sums
• Tax on inherited pensions before and after age 75
• Serious ill health lump sums
• SIPPs and SSASs buying commercial property
• SSAS loans to the sponsoring employer
• Unauthorised payments charges
• Scheme pays for annual allowance charges
• Deferring the State Pension
• QROPS and the overseas transfer charge
• Pension recycling of tax free cash
• Annual allowance for defined benefit schemes
• Normal minimum pension age rising to 57
• Lifetime allowance protections after abolition
• Pension sharing on divorce: tax effects
• Low earners in net pay pension schemes: top up payments
• Status determination statements under IR35
• Small clients and the off payroll rules
• The deemed employment payment calculation
• Who is the fee payer under off payroll rules
• Offsetting tax already paid in IR35 cases
• Disputing an IR35 status determination
• Expenses for contractors inside IR35
• Company car benefit in kind: how it is worked out
• Electric company cars: benefit in kind rates
• Pool cars: the conditions for no tax charge
• Double cab pickups: car or van for tax
• Reducing company car benefit with contributions
• P11D and P11D(b) forms explained
• Penalties for late or wrong P11D forms
• Salary sacrifice and optional remuneration rules
• Salary sacrifice and the National Minimum Wage
• Electric car salary sacrifice schemes
• Sacrificing a bonus into a pension
• Salary sacrifice during maternity leave
• Approved mileage allowance payments for employees
• Mileage allowance relief when your employer pays less
• Advisory fuel rates for company cars
• Paying employees £6 a week for working from home
• Can employees still claim working from home relief
• Working from home as a director: what the company can pay
• Flat rate expenses for uniforms and tools
• Incidental overnight expenses: the £5 and £10 limits
• Are staff discounts taxable
• Free or subsidised staff meals: the canteen exemption
• Workplace parking: the tax exemption
• Gym membership and sports facilities for staff
• Staff suggestion scheme awards: tax free limits
• Employer paying an employee’s personal bills
• Round sum allowances: tax and NI
• Employer paying staff parking and speeding fines
• Employer paid home broadband: is it taxable
• Counselling services for staff: tax treatment
• The £500 recommended medical treatment exemption
• Employees using company assets privately
• EMI disqualifying events and the 90 day window
• Giving shares to employees: the income tax charge
• Statutory Adoption Pay: employer rules
• Statutory Parental Bereavement Pay
• Restrictive covenant payments: tax and NI
• Best director salary for 2026 to 2027
• Salary or dividends: paying yourself as a director
• Does a sole director need to run payroll
• Non executive director fees: PAYE and NI
• When a director’s pay counts as received
• Net pay agreements: grossing up an employee’s pay
• When to pay PAYE: monthly and quarterly deadlines
• Employer PAYE and Accounts Office references
• Payroll when an employee dies
• Paying casual and one off workers through payroll
• Paying someone after they have left: the 0T code
• Relevant life policies for company directors
• HMRC Basic PAYE Tools: free payroll software
• Hybrid working: can you claim travel from home
• Employee National Insurance rates for 2026 to 2027
• Employer National Insurance at 15%: how it works
• Class 4 National Insurance for the self employed
• Can a sole director company claim Employment Allowance
• Employment Allowance for connected companies
• The £2,000 cap on NI free pension salary sacrifice
• How to get a National Insurance number
• Claiming child benefit just for the NI credits
• NI credits for grandparents who look after children
• Carer’s Credit: protecting your NI record
• NI credits for partners of armed forces members
• Contracted out years and your State Pension
• National Insurance for partners and LLP members
• Do you pay National Insurance on dividends
• The married women’s reduced rate election
• NI on share option gains and NIC elections
• The lower earnings limit and NI qualifying years
• Home Responsibilities Protection and missing years
• Which expenses and benefits attract Class 1 NI
• Employer pension contributions for company directors
• Personal or employer pension contributions
• Pension contributions for sole traders
• Paying into a pension for a child or grandchild
• How tax on pension income is collected
• Pension savings statements: when you get one
• Working out an annual allowance charge
• Protected tax free cash above 25%
• Taking a pension early through ill health
• Paying into a pension after age 75
• Can you carry back a pension contribution
• Annuity or drawdown: the tax differences
• Pension or ISA: which is more tax efficient
• SSAS or SIPP for company directors
• Swapping DB pension for a tax free lump sum
• Phased drawdown to manage income tax
• Taking tax free cash while still working
• Short service refunds of pension contributions
• Migrant member relief for overseas pension contributions
• How a SIPP is taxed
• How to price payroll services
• Choosing payroll software for a payroll bureau
• PAYE specified charges when payroll is not reported
• Setting up a PAYE payment plan with HMRC
• HMRC National Minimum Wage investigations
• Employer paid personal tax advice: is it taxable
• Councillors’ allowances: how they are taxed
• Is a retirement gift from your employer taxable
• Salary sacrifice technology schemes: the tax
• Buying extra holiday through salary sacrifice
• Employer help with student loan repayments
• Payments for agreeing to new employment terms
• Deferred bonuses: when are they taxed
• Long term incentive plans: how awards are taxed
• Can an employer pay into an employee’s ISA
• Banning private use of a company car: proving it
• Hire cars for employee business trips: is there a benefit
• Benefits given to former employees and retirees
• Growth shares or EMI options: which to use
• Fit notes and form SSP1: sick pay paperwork
• Keeping in touch days and Statutory Maternity Pay
• Security assets and services for employees at risk
• Event tickets and hospitality given to staff
• Financial risk as a sign of self employment
• Being in business on your own account: the IR35 factor
• The tipping law: employer duties to pass on tips
• Payroll giving or Gift Aid: which gives more relief
• Are employer pension contributions taxable for employees
• Transitional tax free amount certificates
• How much can a SIPP or SSAS borrow
• UFPLS or drawdown: which way to take pension cash
• Opting out of auto enrolment: refunds and tax
• Auto enrolment re enrolment every three years
• Qualifying earnings for auto enrolment contributions
• Do company directors need auto enrolment
• Who is a Welsh taxpayer
• Payroll for Scottish and Welsh employees
• Marriage Allowance for Scottish taxpayers
• Gift Aid relief for Scottish taxpayers
• Scottish taxpayers: savings and dividends use UK bands
• Completing the employment pages (SA102)
• Why National Insurance is not cumulative
• Paying voluntary NI from abroad after April 2026
• Inbound workers and the 52 week NI exemption
• Sharesave or Share Incentive Plan: which suits staff
• EMI or CSOP: which share option scheme
• The employment related securities annual return
• Restricted stock units: how UK employees are taxed
• Tax free bonuses from an employee owned company
• Excepted group life policies for employers
• Employer financed retirement benefit schemes (EFRBS)
• Armed forces pay: which allowances are tax free
• Tax relief for training you pay for as an employee
• Health cash plans for employees: tax and NI
• Employer paid visa and immigration fees
• When employer housing is tax free
• Form P46(Car): reporting company car changes
• Employee car ownership schemes
• A company car for an employee’s family member
• Company cars shared between employees
• Plug in hybrid company cars and electric range
• Company car list price: what is included
• Classic cars as company cars: the market value rule
• Replacement company cars and the benefit charge
• Company car unavailable for part of the year
• The injury and disability exemption on termination
• Are injury to feelings awards taxable
• Outplacement and retraining for leaving employees
• Employer paid pension advice: the £500 exemption
• Works buses and subsidised bus travel for staff
• Late night taxis home for employees: the exemption
• Do you need payroll for a cleaner or gardener
• Employing a carer with social care direct payments
• Uniform and expense deductions that breach the minimum wage
• Salaried hours work and the National Minimum Wage
• The NMW accommodation offset
• Can a company director get Statutory Maternity Pay
• Average weekly earnings for statutory payments
• Regulation 80 determinations for unpaid PAYE
• Regulation 72 directions: shifting PAYE to the employee
• Section 222: PAYE not recovered from a director
• What counts as employment income for tax
• Signing on bonuses and golden hellos: tax
• Repaying a bonus or overpaid salary to your employer
• How company benefits reduce your tax code
• Dynamic coding: why HMRC changes your code mid year
• K tax codes and the 50% overriding limit
• Week 1 and month 1 tax codes
• How cumulative PAYE works period by period
• Week 53 payroll: what happens to tax and NI
• Late reporting reasons on a Full Payment Submission
• Reconciling your PAYE account with HMRC
• PAYE when staff transfer to a new employer under TUPE
• Duplicate employment records from payroll ID changes
• Changing payroll software or bureau mid year
• How to close a PAYE scheme
• Annual PAYE schemes for once a year payments
• Host employer PAYE for staff employed abroad
• Working for an overseas employer with no UK payroll
• Travel expenses for contractors outside IR35
• Office holders: when PAYE applies without employment
• The control test for employment status
• Mutuality of obligation and employment status
• The right of substitution and employment status
• Chapter 8 vs Chapter 10 IR35: which applies
• IR35 when your client is based overseas
• Off payroll rules in the public sector
• Off payroll rules: when the tax debt moves up the chain
• Agency liability for umbrella company PAYE from April 2026
• CSOP Share Options Explained
• CIS300: the CIS monthly return for contractors
• P32: the employer payment record for PAYE explained
• P6: the tax code notice for employers explained
• Do 16 Year Olds Pay Tax? 2026 to 2027 Rules
• Late PAYE Payment Penalties: Rates, Interest and Appeals
• Payment in Lieu of Notice: How PILON Is Taxed
• Postgraduate Loan repayments: threshold, 6% rate and refunds
• Staff Christmas Party Tax: The £150 Exemption
• Student loan plan types explained: Plans 1, 2, 4 and 5
• 0T tax code: what it means and how to fix it
• 1257L tax code explained for 2026 to 2027
• BR tax code: second jobs, pensions and fixes
• Carer’s leave: a guide for employers
• D0 and D1 tax codes for second incomes
• M and N tax codes: Marriage Allowance explained
• National Living Wage and minimum wage rates April 2026
• NT tax code: who gets no tax deducted and when
• Rolled up holiday pay: the 12.07% rules
• S and C tax codes: Scottish and Welsh taxpayers
• Second job tax: BR, D codes and National Insurance
• Tax on overtime: how overtime pay is taxed

Self Assessment and deadlines

Open the Self Assessment and deadlines section index

• Payments on account
• Making Tax Digital for Income Tax
• Capital gains tax 60 day property return
• HMRC Time to Pay arrangements
• Self Assessment deadlines and penalties
• Self employed National Insurance
• Personal allowance tapering
• High Income Child Benefit Charge
• Rent a Room Relief Explained
• Property Income Allowance Explained
• The Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) Explained
• SEIS: The Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme
• Negligible Value Claims Explained
• UK Tax Rates, Thresholds and Deadlines 2026/27
• UK tax deadlines calendar 2026/27
• HMRC penalties table
• Who needs to file a Self Assessment tax return
• Registering for Self Assessment and getting a UTR
• HMRC Simple Assessment explained
• P800 tax calculation letters explained
• Claiming tax back after leaving a job
• Coding out underpaid tax through your tax code
• Which Self Assessment supplementary pages you need
• SA302 tax calculations and tax year overviews
• Tax returns for someone who has died
• Provisional and estimated figures on a tax return
• How long HMRC has to open an enquiry into a return
• Asking HMRC to cancel a tax return request
• HMRC corrections to your tax return
• Self Assessment deadlines for 2026 to 2027
• Self Assessment late filing penalties
• Self Assessment late payment penalties and interest
• Reducing payments on account with form SA303
• Setting up a Self Assessment payment plan
• How to amend a Self Assessment tax return
• Reasonable excuse for a late tax return
• Telling HMRC you no longer need to file a return
• Form R40: claiming back tax on savings
• Filing missed tax returns for earlier years
• Do I need MTD for Income Tax: the thresholds
• What counts as qualifying income for MTD
• Who is exempt from MTD for Income Tax
• Applying for a digital exclusion from MTD
• What goes in an MTD quarterly update
• MTD late submission penalty points
• Late payment penalties under MTD for Income Tax
• Choosing software for MTD for Income Tax
• MTD for Income Tax for rental income
• Joining MTD for Income Tax voluntarily
• Leaving MTD when your income falls
• Digital record keeping under MTD for Income Tax
• MTD for employees with rental or side income
• MTD with more than one business
• MTD for a new business: when you must start
• Year end adjustments under MTD for Income Tax
• CIS deductions on a sole trader’s tax return
• How to price Self Assessment tax returns
• Choosing tax return software for a practice
• Amending a tax return after an MTD final declaration
• Payments on account under MTD for Income Tax
• When you must file a paper Self Assessment return
• How to make a tax claim outside a tax return
• Who must sign a company tax return
• When is a tax return treated as filed on time
• When a tax return is treated as incomplete
• Notice to file sent late: your extended deadline
• How to read your Self Assessment statement
• Form SA316: the notice to file a tax return
• The Self Assessment budget payment plan
• LTT returns and deadlines in Wales
• CT603 notice to deliver a company tax return
• Completing the residence pages (SA109)
• How to correct a wrong tax code
• CWF1: registering as self employed with HMRC
• SA1: registering for Self Assessment if not self employed
• SA100: the Self Assessment tax return explained
• SA103S and SA103F: the self employment pages explained
• SA250: the Welcome to Self Assessment letter and UTR
• Selling on eBay and Vinted: Do You Pay Tax?
• Side Hustle Tax UK: When You Must Tell HMRC
• YouTuber and Streamer Income Tax in the UK

Dealing with HMRC

Open the Dealing with HMRC section index

• What happens in a compliance check
• What triggers an investigation
• HMRC Connect data system
• How far back HMRC can go
• Aspect vs full enquiry
• Discovery assessments
• Schedule 36 information notices
• Penalties for return errors
• HMRC nudge letters
• Let Property Campaign
• Code of Practice 8
• Code of Practice 9
• Worldwide Disclosure Facility
• Tax avoidance vs tax evasion
• Who pays your accountant’s fees
• Alternative dispute resolution
• HMRC Late Payment Interest Explained
• HMRC Enquiry and Investigation Statistics 2026
• HMRC letters explained
• Digital platform reporting to HMRC
• Does HMRC pick returns at random
• HMRC closure notices
• Statutory review and the tax tribunal
• Suspended penalties
• The HMRC Charter
• HMRC enquiry checklist
• HMRC enquiry glossary
• Failure to notify penalties
• Reasonable excuse
• Amending a tax return
• Overpayment relief
• Third party information notices
• Tax checks for licences
• Electronic sales suppression
• Registering a new business: which taxes
• How to pay HMRC and use the right reference
• HMRC repayments and repayment interest
• Tax refund companies: how they work and the risks
• Direct recovery of debts from bank accounts
• HMRC taking control of goods
• HMRC winding up petitions against companies
• HMRC bankruptcy petitions against individuals
• Personal liability notices for directors
• Joint and several liability notices for directors
• HMRC security deposits for PAYE and VAT
• HMRC search warrants and raids
• Reporting tax evasion to HMRC
• HMRC non statutory clearances
• Relying on HMRC advice: legitimate expectation
• Using HMRC internal manuals
• Complaining about HMRC and the Adjudicator
• Spotting HMRC scam calls, texts and emails
• Getting your data from HMRC
• Record keeping requirements and penalties
• The loan charge and disguised remuneration
• HMRC Spotlights and tax avoidance warnings
• Extra statutory concessions
• Time limits for tax claims and elections
• Making a voluntary disclosure to HMRC
• Making a late appeal to HMRC or the tribunal
• Postponing tax while an appeal is pending
• HMRC determinations when no return is filed
• Special relief against determinations
• VAT best judgement assessments
• Is relying on an accountant reasonable care
• Criminal tax investigations
• Publishing details of deliberate tax defaulters
• Penalties for enablers of defeated tax avoidance
• Judicial review of HMRC decisions
• HMRC’s Litigation and Settlement Strategy
• Costs in tax tribunal appeals
• Contract settlements with HMRC
• VAT appeals and the pay first rule
• Company officers’ personal liability for penalties
• HMRC enquiries into amended tax returns
• Partial closure notices in HMRC enquiries
• Financial institution notices
• HMRC inspections of business premises
• Penalties for not complying with an information notice
• Appealing an HMRC information notice
• Can HMRC demand your accountant’s working papers
• HMRC’s bulk data gathering powers
• Should you meet HMRC during an enquiry
• HMRC questions about private living expenses
• HMRC business economics exercises
• The presumption of continuity in HMRC assessments
• Making a payment to HMRC during an enquiry
• HMRC Guidelines for Compliance explained
• How HMRC’s Wealthy team works
• The POTAS regime for avoidance scheme promoters
• The serial tax avoidance regime
• Can HMRC use a tax refund to pay another debt
• Remission of tax when HMRC delays: ESC A19
• HMRC checks on inheritance tax accounts
• HMRC compliance checks on trusts
• HMRC enquiries into a deceased person’s tax affairs
• Protective claims and elections
• How HMRC reduces penalties for disclosure
• Prompted or unprompted disclosure: the difference
• Special reduction of HMRC penalties
• Potential lost revenue: how penalties are measured
• Time limits for HMRC penalty assessments
• Appealing a Self Assessment late filing penalty
• Late filing penalties for trust and estate returns
• Penalties for late 60 day CGT property returns
• Penalties for a deceased person’s tax errors
• Penalties for third parties who supply false information
• The strict liability offence for offshore income
• Tax tribunal appeal categories explained
• Lodging a notice of appeal at the tax tribunal
• Writing grounds of appeal for the tax tribunal
• Appealing to the Upper Tribunal on a tax case
• Settling a tax appeal by agreement with HMRC
• Burden of proof in tax appeals
• Withdrawing a tax appeal
• Representing yourself at the tax tribunal
• What happens at a tax tribunal hearing
• Evidence and witness statements at the tax tribunal
• Lead cases and related appeals at the tax tribunal
• How to find and use tax tribunal decisions
• HMRC’s view of the matter letter
• Complaint or appeal: which route to take
• Disputing an HMRC valuation for CGT or IHT
• Appealing an IHT notice of determination
• Who pays a penalty when the accountant files late
• Dormant for Companies House vs dormant for HMRC
• Recording an HMRC Time to Pay arrangement
• Disclosing secured liabilities in the accounts
• IFRS 7 financial instruments disclosures
• Auditor enquiries into litigation and claims
• The statement on disclosure of information to auditors
• Disclosing political donations in the accounts
• Disclosing off balance sheet arrangements
• Where HMRC penalties and interest go in the accounts
• Section 1A disclosure changes from 2026
• HMRC letters telling you to join MTD
• Can HMRC enquire into an MTD quarterly update
• When HMRC can share your tax information
• Is there a time limit for prosecuting tax fraud
• Can HMRC assess a year you were never asked to file
• Can HMRC investigate after you stop trading
• What an HMRC review conclusion letter means
• What happens if you ignore an HMRC enquiry letter
• Explaining unexplained bank deposits to HMRC
• How HMRC gets information from overseas tax authorities
• How HMRC finds people in the hidden economy
• Can you appeal a penalty you have already paid
• HMRC account freezing orders
• Can HMRC demand emails and messages in an enquiry
• Can you change accountant during an HMRC enquiry
• Reasonable care and reasonable excuse compared
• Reasonable excuse or special circumstances
• How HMRC decides between civil and criminal action
• Why HMRC charges interest as well as penalties
• Correction, amendment or assessment: how HMRC changes tax
• HMRC checks on private residence relief claims
• What HMRC checks in a rental income enquiry
• Appealing a refused MTD for Income Tax exemption
• Can HMRC raise new arguments at the tribunal
• Lists of documents in tax tribunal appeals
• HMRC compliance check factsheets explained
• HMRC enquiries into a director’s loan account
• Corporation tax enquiry window for group companies
• Letters from HMRC Counter Avoidance
• Getting out of a tax avoidance scheme
• Getting extra support from HMRC
• Can you ask for a different HMRC officer
• Taking an HMRC complaint to the Ombudsman
• Claiming compensation from HMRC for its mistakes
• Can HMRC write off tax you cannot pay
• Can HMRC chase you for your spouse’s tax debt
• Can HMRC put a charge on your home
• Getting a refund of a Self Assessment credit
• How HMRC allocates payments across your tax
• Paying HMRC with the wrong reference
• HMRC objections to striking off a company
• Can you make part payments to HMRC
• Can HMRC cancel late payment interest
• How HMRC votes on CVA and IVA proposals
• HMRC summary warrants for Scottish tax debts
• HMRC county court claims for tax debts
• HMRC field force visits for unpaid tax
• Debt collection agencies working for HMRC
• What happens if you miss a Time to Pay payment
• What happens if you lose at the tax tribunal
• Getting tax back after winning a tax appeal
• Can a tax tribunal hearing be held in private
• Tax appeals to the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court
• Witness summonses at the tax tribunal
• Who can represent you at the tax tribunal
• What if HMRC misses a tribunal deadline
• Applying for tribunal directions in a tax appeal
• Asking the tax tribunal to postpone a hearing
• Video and remote hearings at the tax tribunal
• Expert evidence in tax tribunal appeals
• Hearing bundles and skeleton arguments at the tax tribunal
• HMRC’s statement of case in a tribunal appeal
• Setting aside a tax tribunal decision
• Asking for a full written decision after a summary
• Strike out applications at the tax tribunal
• Can you appeal if HMRC refuses Time to Pay
• How to appeal an HMRC closure notice
• How to appeal a discovery assessment
• What happens after you appeal to HMRC
• Can the tribunal increase the tax you owe on appeal
• When HMRC refuses an ADR application
• What happens at an HMRC ADR mediation
• Statutory review or ADR: which to choose
• When HMRC misses the 45 day review deadline
• Accepting HMRC’s offer of a statutory review
• Appeal routes for direct and indirect taxes compared
• How to appeal an HMRC decision within 30 days
• Cheating the public revenue or fraudulent evasion
• HMRC interviews under caution
• What is HMRC’s Fraud Investigation Service
• Does COP9 protect you from prosecution
• The formal disclosure report in a COP9 case
• Certificates and statements at the end of a COP9 case
• Rejecting a COP9 Contractual Disclosure Facility offer
• The COP9 outline disclosure explained
• What happens after you make a voluntary disclosure
• How many years a voluntary disclosure must cover
• Paying the tax due on a voluntary disclosure
• The 90 day deadline after notifying a disclosure
• Choosing the behaviour category in a disclosure
• Putting things right after a reasonable excuse ends
• HMRC online service failure as a reasonable excuse
• Is a bereavement a reasonable excuse
• Is not knowing the rules a reasonable excuse
• Not receiving HMRC letters as a reasonable excuse
• Accountant filed late: is that a reasonable excuse
• Is lack of money a reasonable excuse
• Is illness a reasonable excuse for HMRC
• Late partnership return penalties for each partner
• The 12 month late filing penalty for withheld information
• How to appeal an HMRC inaccuracy penalty
• HMRC penalty explanation letters
• The offshore asset moves penalty
• The asset based penalty for offshore evasion
• Failure to correct penalties for offshore tax
• Can HMRC charge two penalties for one error
• Does HMRC charge interest on penalties
• Fixed penalties and tax geared penalties compared
• Penalties when tax is paid late rather than lost
• How HMRC penalises an overstated loss
• Penalty for not telling HMRC an assessment is too low
• Challenging HMRC’s finding of deliberate behaviour
• Deliberate and concealed inaccuracies explained
• What counts as deliberate behaviour for HMRC penalties
• What counts as a careless error for HMRC penalties
• Can HMRC ask for documents more than six years old
• Documents in your possession or power: what HMRC can demand
• The reasonably required test for information notices
• HMRC powers to inspect property for valuation
• Penalties for obstructing an HMRC inspection
• Penalties for inaccurate replies to an information notice
• The offence of concealing documents from HMRC
• Asking for more time to comply with an information notice
• Legal privilege and HMRC information notices
• HMRC identity unknown notices
• Statutory records and the right to appeal a notice
• Tribunal approval of HMRC information notices
• Information notices once the enquiry window has closed
• Can HMRC send an information notice before you file
• Informal HMRC requests or formal information notices
• When HMRC repays too much by mistake
• Can HMRC enquire into a company in liquidation
• Open HMRC enquiries when selling a company
• Can HMRC check more than one tax at the same time
• Can HMRC reopen an enquiry once it is closed
• Is there a time limit on HMRC collecting a debt
• Consequential claims after a late HMRC assessment
• Can your accountant’s mistake extend HMRC’s time limit
• White space disclosures and protection from discovery
• Discovery assessments on companies
• Discovery assessments after the Tooth case
• The hypothetical officer test for discovery
• Why HMRC issues protective assessments
• Enquiry or discovery assessment: the difference
• HMRC enquiries into loss relief claims
• How HMRC handles mid sized businesses
• Can HMRC hold a repayment during an enquiry
• Why HMRC holds a Self Assessment repayment for checks
• How long HMRC has to enquire into an SDLT return
• HMRC enquiries into 60 day CGT returns
• Must you give HMRC personal bank statements
• Does HMRC use social media in tax investigations
• Can HMRC ask about your spouse’s finances
• Can HMRC investigate a dissolved company
• Can HMRC investigate you after you move abroad
• What to do if records HMRC wants are lost
• Challenging HMRC estimates of your income
• Capital statements and means testing in HMRC checks
• Can you record a meeting with HMRC
• Asking HMRC for more time to answer enquiry questions
• How long does an HMRC enquiry take
• Linked HMRC enquiries into a company and its director
• How HMRC enquiries into partnership returns work
• Asking the tribunal to make HMRC close an enquiry
• Referring an enquiry question to the tax tribunal
• HMRC jeopardy amendments during an enquiry
• Can you amend a return while HMRC is enquiring
• HMRC enquiries into claims made outside a return
• Can HMRC open a second enquiry into the same return
• Mandatory disclosure rules for cross border arrangements
• Which exchange rates to use for UK tax
• Filing a CT600 after HMRC’s free filing service closed
• Sporting testimonials: the £100,000 exemption
• R38: authorising a tax refund to be paid to someone else
• How HMRC Uses AI and Data in Compliance Checks
• Using ChatGPT for Your Tax Return
• Chartered Tax Adviser (CTA) Explained
• CC/FS10: HMRC factsheet on suspending careless penalties
• CC/FS11: HMRC factsheet on failure to notify penalties
• CC/FS14: HMRC factsheet on managing serious defaulters
• CC/FS1a: HMRC compliance check factsheet explained
• CC/FS1b: HMRC compliance check factsheet explained
• CC/FS2: HMRC compliance check factsheet explained
• CC/FS3: HMRC visits by agreement or advance notice
• CC/FS4: HMRC unannounced visits for inspections
• CC/FS6: HMRC compliance check factsheet explained
• CC/FS7a: penalties for inaccuracies explained
• CC/FS7b: penalty for not reporting an underassessment
• CC/FS9: the Human Rights Act and penalties explained

For accountants

Open the For accountants section index

• Solar Protect accountant schemes
• AML supervision for accountants
• Professional Conduct in Relation to Taxation
• Professional indemnity for accountants
• Fee protection schemes explained
• How to run a fee protection scheme
• Explaining fee protection to clients
• Fee protection and professional indemnity
• Fee protection for bookkeepers
• Choosing a fee protection provider
• The fee protection claims process
• Fee protection rules by professional body
• Engagement letters for accountants
• Customer due diligence for accountants (AML)
• Suspicious activity reports for accountants
• Professional clearance when changing accountant
• Who owns the records: accountants’ lien and client papers
• Data protection for accountancy practices
• HMRC agent services account and authorising an agent
• The failure to prevent fraud offence
• Practising certificates: when accountants need one
• Selling or closing an accountancy practice: regulatory steps
• The firm wide AML risk assessment
• Assessing client risk for AML
• Enhanced due diligence for accountants
• Simplified due diligence: when it is allowed
• Politically exposed persons: AML rules for accountants
• Verifying beneficial owners of corporate clients
• Ongoing monitoring of clients for AML
• Relying on another firm’s due diligence
• AML policies, controls and procedures
• The MLRO role in an accountancy practice
• AML training requirements for practice staff
• AML record keeping: what to keep and for how long
• Tipping off and prejudicing an investigation
• Defence against money laundering (DAML) requests
• The privilege reporting exemption for accountants
• The principal money laundering offences under POCA
• Tax evasion and money laundering reporting
• High risk third countries and AML
• Financial sanctions checks for accountants
• Trust and company service providers: AML registration
• Reporting PSC discrepancies to Companies House
• What to expect from an AML supervisory review
• AML for sole practitioners
• Electronic identity verification for clients
• Source of funds and source of wealth checks
• Money laundering red flags for accountants
• The CCAB AML guidance for the accountancy sector
• AML supervision reform and the FCA
• The failure to disclose offence for accountants
• Proliferation financing risk assessment
• Due diligence on trusts, charities and similar clients
• Due diligence on overseas and remote clients
• The AML independent audit function
• Screening relevant employees for AML
• AML risks with clients holding cryptoassets
• AML risks with property clients
• The fundamental principles of the code of ethics
• The threats and safeguards framework
• Conflicts of interest for accountants
• Confidentiality and when accountants can disclose
• Fees, commissions and referral payments
• Contingent fees for tax work
• Marketing and advertising rules for accountants
• Using chartered accountant and firm descriptions
• Responding to non compliance with laws and regulations
• Whistleblowing for accountants
• Giving second opinions
• Gifts and hospitality from clients
• CPD requirements for accountants
• Ethical use of AI tools in accountancy practice
• When a client will not correct a tax error
• The Bribery Act for accountancy firms
• Failure to prevent facilitation of tax evasion
• Independence in non audit assurance work
• Self review threats in preparing audit clients’ accounts
• Taking on work outside your expertise
• Social media conduct for accountants
• Accountants acting as executors, trustees or attorneys
• A client onboarding process for accountants
• Disengagement letters
• Fixed fees vs hourly rates for accountants
• Value pricing for accountancy services
• Getting records from clients on time
• Client complaints procedures for accountants
• Fee disputes with clients
• Limiting liability in engagement letters
• Managing scope creep and out of scope work
• Client money rules for accountants
• Acting for both spouses or business partners
• Dealing with a deceased client
• Recovering unpaid fees from clients
• Client approval before filing returns
• Accountants’ references and income certificates
• Cancellation rights for consumer clients
• Raising fees with existing clients
• Reviewing the client base: which clients to let go
• Building advisory services in a compliance practice
• Client portals and e signatures for accountants
• Protecting the client base: staff restrictive covenants
• Acting for overseas clients
• ICAEW practice assurance reviews
• The ICAEW disciplinary process
• ACCA practice monitoring
• ICAS practice monitoring
• AAT licensed accountants
• CIOT and ATT professional rules
• Regulated vs unregulated accountants
• DPB licences for investment business
• Probate licences for accountants
• When accountants need FCA authorisation
• Insolvency licensing for accountants
• Complaining about an accountant to a professional body
• The FRC enforcement procedure
• Mandatory registration of tax advisers with HMRC
• The HMRC standard for agents
• Who regulates bookkeepers
• The annual practice return to your professional body
• Starting an accountancy practice
• Choosing a structure for an accountancy practice
• Buying an accountancy practice
• Practice KPIs and lock up
• Workflow and deadline management for practices
• Outsourcing accounting work offshore
• Using AI in an accountancy practice
• Cyber security for accountancy practices
• Alternate arrangements for sole practitioners
• Private equity investment in accountancy firms
• How long practices should keep client files
• ISQM (UK) 1 quality management
• Subcontracting work to freelance accountants
• Running a payroll bureau: compliance duties
• Common causes of negligence claims against accountants
• Limitation periods for claims against accountants
• Run off cover when an accountant retires
• Merging two accountancy practices
• Training apprentices in an accountancy practice
• Choosing practice management software
• Managing the January Self Assessment peak
• Insurance an accountancy practice needs
• Preventing payment diversion fraud in practices
• Using the HMRC agent dedicated line
• Escalating issues with HMRC as an agent
• Authorising an agent for trusts and estates
• HMRC powers over dishonest tax agents
• Can HMRC penalise an agent for a client’s errors
• Viewing client income records as an agent
• Nominating tax repayments to an agent
• HMRC agent forums and Agent Update
• Signing up clients for MTD Income Tax
• Main and supporting agents under MTD
• Bridging software for MTD
• Digital links under Making Tax Digital
• The MTD final declaration
• Preparing a practice for MTD Income Tax
• MTD for VAT: agent services
• Correcting errors in MTD quarterly updates
• MTD Income Tax for partnerships
• MTD Income Tax for jointly owned property
• The ICO data protection fee
• Handling subject access requests in a practice
• Reporting a personal data breach
• Privacy notices for accountancy clients
• MTD quarterly periods and the calendar quarter election
• Data processing agreements with software providers
• International transfers of client data
• Sending tax documents securely
• Lawful basis for processing client data
• Email marketing rules for accountancy firms
• Do accountancy practices need a data protection officer
• Data protection impact assessments for practices
• Choosing and registering with an AML supervisor
• HMRC as AML supervisor for accountancy service providers
• Approval of owners and managers under Regulation 26
• When client due diligence must be completed
• Certifying ID documents for client due diligence
• Client due diligence when a client has no photo ID
• Do AML rules apply to bookkeeping and payroll clients
• Occasional transactions vs business relationships
• What to do when a client refuses to provide ID
• Internal suspicion reports to the MLRO
• AML penalties and fines for accountancy firms
• AML risks with cash intensive businesses
• Reporting a suspected sanctions breach to OFSI
• Reporting a suspicion about a former client
• AML checks when buying or joining a practice
• The AML annual return to your supervisor
• Transferring client data when selling a practice
• Staff using personal devices for client work
• The Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 for practices
• Can a client ask you to delete their data
• Recording phone calls with clients: the rules
• Putting client data into AI tools: data protection risks
• Updating engagement letters for MTD Income Tax
• Service schedules in engagement letters
• Changing terms of business for existing clients
• Letters of representation from clients
• Fee quotes and estimates: are they binding
• Monthly fee payment plans for clients
• Dealing with clients’ incomplete records
• Form 64 8: when it is still used
• Copying authorisations into the agent services account
• Access groups and team members in the agent services account
• How a client removes their agent
• Representing a client in an HMRC compliance check
• HMRC agent reference numbers and codes
• Getting authorised as agent for PAYE and CIS
• Which clients join MTD Income Tax and when
• Pricing MTD Income Tax quarterly work
• MTD late submission penalty points for agent clients
• Moving clients onto MTD compatible software
• When clients submit their own MTD quarterly updates
• Retention clauses on accountancy practice sales
• TUPE when buying an accountancy practice
• Time recording and WIP in a practice
• Niching an accountancy practice
• Retiring as a partner in an accountancy practice
• Becoming an ICAEW authorised training employer
• ACCA approved employer status
• Employing your first member of staff in a practice
• PCRT: the standards for tax planning
• Acting for family and friends as clients
• Can an accountant lend to or borrow from a client
• Acting as director or company secretary for a client
• Can an accountant hold shares in a client company
• Finding errors made by a previous accountant
• When a client asks you to backdate documents
• Fee dependency on a single client
• Reporting misconduct by another accountant
• Being associated with misleading information
• When an accountant should refuse to act
• Minimum professional indemnity insurance for accountants
• Notifying circumstances to your PI insurer
• Any one claim or aggregate PI cover for accountants
• Professional indemnity claims arising from tax advice
• PI insurance when buying or merging practices
• What to disclose on a PI proposal form
• Should an accountant admit a mistake to a client
• The FRC’s oversight of accountancy bodies
• OPBAS and professional body AML supervisors
• Reserved legal activities accountants cannot carry out
• Can accountants give immigration advice
• CTA or ATT: which tax qualification
• AAT, ACCA or ICAEW: which body for your practice
• What accountant qualifications mean
• Who owns an accountant’s working papers
• When a client company becomes insolvent
• Acting for a client who lacks mental capacity
• Engagement letters for trusts and estates work
• Do engagement letters need renewing every year
• Who should sign a company’s engagement letter
• Can accountants charge a card payment surcharge
• How to price limited company accounts work
• How to price bookkeeping services
• Converting a client to new accounting software
• Receipt capture apps in a bookkeeping practice
• Choosing accounts production software
• Xero, QuickBooks or Sage for your clients
• Staff doing private work for practice clients
• Clawing back training costs when a trainee leaves
• How to set charge out rates in a practice
• Annuities paid to retired partners: tax
• Lockstep or merit based partner profit sharing
• Funding the purchase of an accountancy practice
• Buying into a practice as a new partner
• Selling an accountancy practice to your staff
• Tax on selling an accountancy practice
• What happens when a partner goes bankrupt
• Can one partner bind the other partners
• Non refundable upfront fees: when to recognise revenue
• Advance pricing agreements with HMRC
• Staff referral bonuses: tax and NI
• Self employed with only one client: is that employment
• Paying staff in foreign currency through PAYE
• Claiming Marriage Allowance after a partner dies
• Child benefit charge when partners change mid year
• Can my company pay my children’s school fees
• AI and Anti Money Laundering for Accountants
• AI clauses in accountants’ engagement letters
• AI Errors in Tax Returns: Who Is Liable?
• AI in Audit: FRC Guidance Explained
• AI policy for an accountancy practice
• Deepfake payment fraud and accountancy practices
• EU AI Act: what it means for UK accountancy firms
• ICAEW and ACCA Guidance on AI for Accountants

Personal tax, property and wealth

Open the Personal tax, property and wealth section index

Income tax, savings, capital gains, property, inheritance tax and residence for individuals and families.

• Marriage Allowance explained
• Tax on savings interest and the Personal Savings Allowance
• Stamp duty (SDLT) explained
• Scottish Income Tax rates and bands
• Adjusted net income explained
• How savings and dividend income stack on other income
• NS&I products and tax
• Blind Person’s Allowance
• Married Couple’s Allowance
• Claiming higher rate relief on Gift Aid
• Payroll giving: how it works for employees and employers
• ISA tax rules: allowances, transfers and flexible ISAs
• Lifetime ISA: bonus and withdrawal charge
• Junior ISAs and tax on children’s savings
• Parental gifts to children: the £100 interest rule
• Settlements legislation and spouse shareholdings
• Chargeable event gains on investment bonds
• Top slicing relief on investment bond gains
• The 5% withdrawal rule on investment bonds
• Purchased life annuities: capital element exemption
• Are gambling, betting and lottery winnings taxable
• Spread betting, CFDs and forex trading: tax treatment
• Tax on peer to peer lending interest and losses
• Tax on compensation and statutory interest payments
• Miscellaneous income: what counts and how it is taxed
• Relief on loans to invest in a partnership or company
• The cap on unlimited income tax reliefs
• Is the State Pension taxable
• Tax Free Childcare: eligibility and how it works
• Charging interest on a loan to your company
• When income is taxed: arising and receipts basis
• Share loss relief against income
• What income is tax free in the UK
• Which state benefits are taxable
• Scholarships and bursaries: are they taxable
• Tax for students with part time and summer jobs
• How rental income is taxed
• Allowable expenses for landlords
• Replacement of domestic items relief
• Repairs or improvements on a rental property
• Furnished holiday lettings after abolition
• Jointly owned rental property: splitting the income
• Form 17 and declarations of trust for spouses
• The Non Resident Landlord Scheme
• Rental losses: how they can be used
• Buy to let through a limited company: pros and cons
• Incorporating a property portfolio
• Getting money out of a property company
• Renting your property to your own company
• Tax on lease premiums for landlords
• Lease extension costs: capital or revenue
• Service charges and sinking funds: tax treatment
• Tax for residents’ management and RTM companies
• Serviced accommodation and Airbnb: how it is taxed
• Rent to rent arrangements: tax treatment
• Property developer or investor: trading or investment
• Moving property between trading stock and investment
• Expenses when a rental property is empty
• Letting out your former home: the tax consequences
• Capital allowances for landlords
• The cash basis for property income
• Tenancy deposits: when they are taxable
• Remortgaging a buy to let: is the interest allowable
• Gifting a property to your children: the tax effects
• Letting to family at below market rent
• Are EPC upgrade costs allowable for landlords
• Completing the UK property pages (SA105)
• Tax for freeholders receiving ground rent
• When a property business starts and stops
• Business rates: how they are calculated
• Small business rate relief and other rates reliefs
• Holiday lets: business rates or council tax
• Council tax premiums on second and empty homes
• Anti avoidance on profits from UK property dealing
• How capital gains tax is calculated
• The capital gains annual exempt amount
• What costs can be deducted from a capital gain
• Private residence relief explained
• Private residence relief: periods of absence
• Choosing which home is your main residence
• Private residence relief and large gardens
• Lettings relief after the 2020 changes
• Selling a second home: capital gains tax
• Transfers between spouses and civil partners
• Capital gains tax on separation and divorce
• Capital gains for unmarried couples
• Claiming and using capital losses
• Chattels and wasting assets for CGT
• Share matching rules: same day, 30 day and section 104
• Bed and breakfasting, bed and ISA and bed and spouse
• Gifts and market value for capital gains
• Selling inherited property: base cost and CGT
• Capital gains tax on death: the tax free uplift
• Selling a sole trade or partnership business
• Earn outs and deferred consideration on business sales
• Part disposals: the A over A plus B formula
• Investors’ Relief
• Non resident capital gains tax on UK property
• Temporary non residence rules
• Insurance payouts and compensation: CGT treatment
• Compulsory purchase and CGT rollover
• CGT valuations: 1982 rebasing and post transaction checks
• Losses on loans to traders
• Reporting gains with the real time CGT service
• Offshore funds: reporting and non reporting status
• Accumulation units and excess reportable income
• Gilts and qualifying corporate bonds: CGT exemption
• Giving assets to charity: CGT and income tax relief
• Foreign currency and capital gains
• Transactions in securities: the anti avoidance rules
• When a disposal happens for capital gains
• Options and capital gains tax
• Assigning a short lease: CGT and wasting asset rules
• Gold coins and capital gains: sovereigns and Britannias
• Using part of your home for business: the CGT effect
• The inheritance tax nil rate band
• The residence nil rate band
• Transferring an unused nil rate band to a spouse
• The seven year rule for lifetime gifts
• Taper relief on lifetime gifts
• The annual exemption and small gifts exemption
• Gifts out of surplus income
• Gifts with reservation of benefit
• Pre owned assets tax
• Agricultural property relief
• Pensions and inheritance tax
• Excepted estates: when no IHT400 is needed
• Completing the IHT400
• Paying inheritance tax before probate
• Paying inheritance tax by instalments
• Deeds of variation
• Life insurance written in trust and IHT
• The spouse exemption for non UK spouses
• The 36% rate for charitable legacies
• Quick succession relief
• Relief for loss on sale of shares and property after death
• Valuing property for inheritance tax and probate
• Joint tenants vs tenants in common: the IHT effect
• Do you pay tax on money you are gifted or inherit
• Chargeable lifetime transfers into trust
• Inheritance tax and long term UK residence
• The related property rules for IHT
• Woodlands relief for inheritance tax
• Conditional exemption for heritage assets
• IHT30 clearance certificates
• Executors’ personal liability for inheritance tax
• Income tax and CGT during estate administration
• Dying without a will: intestacy and IHT
• Gifts made by an attorney: rules and IHT
• IHT exempt gifts to charities, parties and national bodies
• Corrective inheritance tax accounts (form C4)
• The statutory residence test
• Split year treatment
• The four year foreign income and gains regime
• The temporary repatriation facility
• Foreign tax credit relief
• How double tax treaties work
• Certificates of UK residence for treaty claims
• Declaring foreign income on a tax return
• Foreign pensions received by UK residents
• Overseas rental income for UK residents
• Leaving the UK: tax steps and form P85
• Returning to the UK: a tax checklist
• How non residents pay UK income tax
• Personal allowance for non residents
• Working remotely from abroad for a UK employer
• Overseas workday relief
• Seafarers’ earnings deduction
• Short term business visitors: PAYE arrangements
• Non resident directors: PAYE and NT codes
• Company residence: central management and control
• Permanent establishment for overseas companies
• Setting up in the UK: branch or subsidiary
• The foreign branch exemption election
• Controlled foreign companies basics
• UK withholding tax on interest and royalties
• Non resident companies with UK rental income
• US citizens living in the UK: tax issues
• Transfer of assets abroad rules
• The Common Reporting Standard and offshore data
• Offshore penalties: the higher tiers
• Social security coordination and A1 certificates
• Keeping ISAs and UK accounts after moving abroad
• Double tax relief for companies
• Types of trust and how each is taxed
• Bare trusts: tax treatment
• Discretionary trusts: income tax and the tax pool
• Interest in possession trusts: tax treatment
• The ten year charge on relevant property trusts
• Exit charges when property leaves a trust
• The Trust Registration Service
• The trust and estate tax return (SA900)
• Vulnerable beneficiary trusts
• Bereaved minors and 18 to 25 trusts
• Settlor interested trusts
• Capital gains tax for trustees
• Form R185: trust income paid to beneficiaries
• SDLT higher rates for additional dwellings
• SDLT first time buyer relief
• Reclaiming the SDLT surcharge after selling your old home
• The SDLT non resident surcharge
• SDLT on mixed use and non residential property
• SDLT when buying several dwellings
• SDLT rate for companies buying high value homes
• SDLT on transfers between spouses and on divorce
• SDLT on gifts of property with a mortgage
• SDLT on leases: rent and net present value
• SDLT and partnerships
• SDLT group relief
• SDLT linked transactions
• Stamp duty on share transfers
• Stamp duty reserve tax
• LBTT (Scotland) explained
• The LBTT Additional Dwelling Supplement
• LBTT on non residential leases
• LTT (Wales) explained
• Nil rate band discretionary will trusts
• Trustees’ responsibilities for tax
• Ending a trust: the tax consequences
• Offshore trusts with UK resident beneficiaries
• Loan trusts and discounted gift trusts
• Charitable trusts: tax exemptions and conditions
• Devolved taxes in Scotland and Wales
• Welsh rates of income tax
• Who is a Scottish taxpayer
• Scottish taxpayers and pension relief at source
• Scottish Landfill Tax
• Landfill Disposals Tax in Wales
• Visitor levies in Scotland and Wales
• LTT higher residential rates in Wales
• SDLT on shared ownership purchases
• When SDLT is due: completion and substantial performance
• CIS gross payment status: the tests
• Deemed contractors under CIS
• Averaging profits for farmers and creative artists
• The herd basis election for farmers
• Farming losses: the five year rule
• Locum doctors: tax and NHS pension
• Influencers and gifted products: tax treatment
• Royalties for authors and creators
• Image rights payments for sports professionals
• Foreign entertainers and sportspeople: withholding tax
• Childminders: tax and expenses
• Qualifying care relief for foster carers
• Lorry drivers’ overnight subsistence
• Charity trading and trading subsidiaries
• Gift Aid claims by charities
• Community amateur sports clubs: tax reliefs
• Barristers: tax basics
• Reclaiming CIS deductions as a limited company
• Musicians and performers: tax and expenses
• Associate dentists: self employed status and expenses
• Payments to amateur players and volunteers
• Farm diversification: the tax implications
• Commercial woodlands: tax treatment
• Ministers of religion: tax and NI
• Taxi and private hire drivers: tax and expenses
• What counts as a trading company for CGT reliefs
• BADR on a members’ voluntary liquidation
• BADR on associated disposals of personal assets
• BADR on assets sold after a business stops trading
• Business Asset Disposal Relief vs Investors’ Relief
• BADR on shares from EMI options
• BADR when your shareholding is diluted below 5%
• Selling goodwill to your own company: the CGT rules
• Opting out of incorporation relief: section 162A
• Section 260 holdover relief on gifts into trust
• Holdover relief clawback when the recipient emigrates
• Gift holdover or incorporation relief on incorporating
• Provisional rollover relief claims
• Rollover relief into depreciating assets
• Rollover relief on assets only partly used in a business
• EIS deferral relief for capital gains
• SEIS reinvestment relief on capital gains
• PRR when you buy a home to renovate and sell
• PRR for people in job related accommodation
• PRR when you delay moving into a new home
• PRR when executors sell a deceased person’s home
• PRR on a home owned by trustees
• How long must you live in a home to claim PRR
• PRR for annexes, granny flats and outbuildings
• Can a caravan or houseboat qualify for PRR
• Adding a partner to your property title: tax effects
• Scrip dividends and their CGT base cost
• Bonus issues and rights issues: CGT base cost
• Small capital distributions and CGT
• Loan notes on a company sale: QCBs and non QCBs
• Management buyouts: the CGT position for sellers
• Overage and clawback payments on property sales
• Splitting jointly owned property: exchange relief
• Small part disposals of property: the 20% rule
• Selling an easement or right of way: CGT
• Surrendering a lease: CGT for tenants
• Which assets are exempt from capital gains tax
• Selling a property abroad: UK CGT and foreign tax
• Completing the capital gains summary (SA108)
• Do you need a 60 day return if no CGT is due
• Amending a 60 day CGT property return
• Paying CGT by instalments
• How carried interest is taxed from April 2026
• Partnership capital gains and Statement of Practice D12
• Selling a company: share sale or asset sale
• Should executors sell assets or pass them on first
• BADR on selling a farm or part of a farm
• Gifting shares in a family company: CGT
• Base cost of shares from employee share schemes
• Equalisation payments on unit trusts and OEICs
• Capital treatment of distributions before striking off
• Gifting a mortgaged property: the CGT effect
• The personal allowance explained
• Income tax rates and bands for 2026 to 2027
• Paying the child benefit charge through your tax code
• Should you stop child benefit payments
• Missed the child benefit charge: what to do now
• How dividends are taxed for individuals
• The £500 dividend allowance explained
• Do I need to declare dividends to HMRC
• The £5,000 starting rate for savings
• Savings income tax rates rising from April 2027
• Separate property income tax rates from April 2027
• How to work out your income tax step by step
• Why your second job is taxed with no allowance
• Joint bank accounts: who pays tax on the interest
• Are child maintenance and spousal payments taxable
• When does the UK tax year start and end
• Using your HMRC personal tax account
• Saving tax by sharing income with a spouse
• Gift Aid declarations: what donors need to know
• Carrying Gift Aid back to the previous tax year
• Children with jobs: do they pay income tax
• Back pay and arrears: which tax year they belong to
• ESC A19: when HMRC writes off arrears
• Dealing with HMRC for a relative
• What changes when you become a higher rate taxpayer
• The £2.5m allowance for business and agricultural relief
• Business relief on AIM shares from April 2026
• Excepted assets and business relief
• Can a holiday let qualify for business relief
• Business relief on property used by your company
• Business relief: the two year ownership rule
• Business relief and buy and sell agreements
• Does a property letting company get business relief
• Business relief on shares in a holding company
• Business relief for sole traders and partners
• Business relief on lifetime gifts: the clawback rule
• Agricultural relief on farmhouses
• Business relief vs agricultural relief: which applies
• Claiming business relief on form IHT413
• Claiming agricultural relief on form IHT414
• Death in service benefits and inheritance tax
• How inheritance tax is calculated on an estate
• The spouse and civil partner exemption for IHT
• Excluded property for inheritance tax
• Inheritance tax for non residents with UK assets
• The maintenance of family exemption for IHT
• Paying a grandchild’s school fees: the IHT position
• Gifting a house deposit to your child: tax effects
• Lending money to children instead of gifting it
• Inheritance tax on joint bank accounts
• Paying full rent to avoid a gift with reservation
• The downsizing addition to the residence nil rate band
• Who counts as a direct descendant for the RNRB
• The residence nil rate band and homes left in trust
• Valuing private company shares for inheritance tax
• Valuing listed shares and investments for probate
• Valuing household and personal goods for probate
• The discount for a share of jointly owned property
• Which debts can be deducted from an estate for IHT
• Funeral expenses and inheritance tax
• When inheritance tax is due and interest on late payment
• Getting an inheritance tax reference number
• Paying IHT from the deceased’s bank account
• Penalties for errors in an inheritance tax account
• Penalties for late inheritance tax accounts
• Keeping records of lifetime gifts for IHT
• Grossing up gifts when the donor pays the IHT
• Who pays IHT on gifts when the donor dies
• Who bears the IHT: tax free legacies and the residue
• Survivorship clauses and simultaneous deaths
• Section 144: appointments from will trusts
• Disclaiming an inheritance vs a deed of variation
• Fall in value relief on lifetime gifts
• Gift inter vivos insurance and the seven year rule
• Acceptance in lieu: paying IHT with heritage objects
• Inheritance tax for unmarried couples
• Giving assets away now or leaving them in your will
• Reporting a gift into trust on form IHT100
• Inheritance tax on cryptoassets
• Personal or company ownership after the 2027 rates
• Furnished vs unfurnished lets: the tax differences
• Can landlords claim travel and mileage costs
• Can landlords claim use of home costs
• When rent is taxable: arrears and rent in advance
• Unpaid rent and bad debts for landlords
• Letting your holiday home part of the year
• Reverse premiums and rent free periods
• Dilapidations payments received by landlords
• Is joint ownership of rental property a partnership
• Do I need to tell HMRC about rental income
• Renting out a garage or parking space: tax
• Wayleave and telecoms mast payments: tax
• Leasing fields for solar farms: the tax effects
• Grazing licences and income from letting fields
• Can a landlord pay their spouse a wage
• Can landlords claim for their own time and labour
• Legal and professional fees for landlords
• Are landlord licensing and safety costs allowable
• The single property business rule
• Tax for HMO landlords
• Tax for commercial property landlords
• Converting a house into flats: the tax effects
• Letting a flat above your business premises
• Income from letting your home for filming or events
• Insurance payouts on rental property: income tax
• Guaranteed rent schemes with councils and providers
• Rent to buy and lease option agreements: tax
• Is domicile still relevant for UK tax
• Rebasing to April 2017 for former remittance users
• Mixed funds and remittances after April 2025
• FIG regime and the remittance basis compared
• Offshore trust settlors after the 2025 reforms
• Excluded property trusts after April 2025
• Am I UK tax resident as a digital nomad
• Tax on director fees from an overseas company
• Non resident partners in a UK partnership
• Dual resident companies
• Calculating corporation tax in a foreign currency
• Country by country reporting
• Exit charges when a company moves abroad
• How the Construction Industry Scheme works
• Registering as a CIS subcontractor
• CIS deduction rates explained
• How to verify a CIS subcontractor
• CIS monthly returns and penalties
• How CIS deductions treat materials
• What counts as construction work for CIS
• CIS payment and deduction statements
• Claiming back CIS deductions as a sole trader
• CIS or PAYE for construction workers
• CIS changes from April 2026
• Does CIS apply to property developers
• Can farmers claim farmhouse costs
• Valuing farm livestock and crops for tax
• How delinked farm payments are taxed
• Tax on Sustainable Farming Incentive payments
• VAT on livestock, animal feed and seeds
• Business rates relief for charities
• Gift Aid donor benefit limits
• The Retail Gift Aid scheme
• VAT on donated goods sold by charities
• Non charitable expenditure by charities
• Tainted charity donations rules
• Do charities pay tax on investment income
• Business rates for pubs, hotels and shops from 2026
• Capital allowances on pub and restaurant refits
• Fulfilment House Due Diligence Scheme
• VAT on letting agents’ fees
• Do holiday let owners need to register for VAT
• SDLT on commercial property purchases
• SDLT return deadline and penalties
• How to amend an SDLT return
• SDLT when transferring property to your company
• SDLT on uninhabitable property
• SDLT on right to buy purchases
• SDLT on property bought by trusts
• What counts as consideration for SDLT
• SDLT on new homes bought with a part exchange
• SDLT charities relief
• Stamp duty on a company buying its own shares
• Stamp duty group relief for share transfers
• Stamp duty reliefs on share for share reorganisations
• ATED relief declarations
• LBTT returns and deadlines
• LBTT on commercial property
• Additional Dwelling Supplement for companies
• LTT on commercial property in Wales
• Reliefs from LTT in Wales
• SDLT, LBTT and LTT compared
• The £500 de minimis for trust and estate income
• Do will trusts need to register on the TRS
• Co ownership trusts and the Trust Registration Service
• Penalties for late TRS registration
• Trust management expenses: income or capital
• Old accumulation and maintenance trusts: tax today
• Personal injury trusts and tax
• When is a trust UK resident
• Bare trust or discretionary trust for grandchildren
• Saving for a child: bare trust or Junior ISA
• Immediate post death interest trusts
• Life interest or discretionary will trust
• Loans from a trust to a beneficiary
• When an estate becomes a trust
• Executor or trustee: whose tax duties apply
• The trusts pages on a personal tax return (SA107)
• Setting up a trust: the tax steps
• Reversionary interests and inheritance tax
• Transitional serial interests
• Disabled person’s interests in trusts
• What relevant property means for trusts
• Striking off a company with debts
• Gifts by a company to shareholders and their families
• Declarations of trust over shares
• Registering a charge over property a company acquires
• Recognising revenue on property development sales
• Which property purchase costs are capitalised
• Who can value investment property for the accounts
• Can goodwill be revalued or written back up
• Special purpose audits under ISA (UK) 800
• How micro entities account for investments
• Defined benefit pensions: IAS 19 vs FRS 102
• Accounting for a company’s investment in an LLP
• Accounting for an overseas branch
• Accounting for defined contribution pensions
• Accounting for a debt released by a lender or supplier
• Accounting for a debt for equity swap
• MTD for Income Tax with overseas property income
• Disclosing unpaid tax on cryptoassets to HMRC
• The 12 year time limit for offshore tax
• UK homes owned through offshore companies and IHT
• Trustees’ power of advancement and tax
• Mutual agreement procedure for double tax disputes
• Paying overseas contractors from a UK company
• Cryptoasset reporting framework from 2026
• How a US LLC is taxed for UK residents
• Double taxation treaty passport scheme
• Can staff abroad create a taxable presence overseas
• Non residents selling shares in UK property companies
• Foreign pages SA106: what goes where
• Section 31 Trustee Act: income for minor beneficiaries
• Exit charge when a trust becomes non resident
• Investment bonds held by trustees
• Leaving someone the right to live in your home
• The same day additions rule for trusts
• Protective trusts and their tax treatment
• When a beneficiary becomes absolutely entitled
• Holdover relief when assets leave a trust
• Tax on a lease surrender payment received by a landlord
• Tax on renting your roof for solar panels
• What happens to rental losses when you incorporate
• Is paying a tenant to leave tax deductible
• Tax on letting caravans, lodges and glamping pods
• Tax on income from advertising hoardings
• Taking a property out of a limited company
• LTT on leases in Wales
• LBTT three yearly lease review returns
• LBTT reliefs in Scotland
• SDLT and Islamic home finance
• Is there stamp duty on issuing new shares
• SDLT on abnormal rent increases
• SDLT when a tenant holds over after a lease ends
• SDLT on overage and contingent payments
• SDLT when two owners swap properties
• SDLT anti avoidance under section 75A
• LBTT first time buyer relief in Scotland
• How to get a stock transfer form stamped
• SDLT on sub sales and transfers of rights
• SDLT when buying out a co owner’s share
• Do I pay SDLT on a lease extension
• SDLT when leaseholders buy their freehold together
• SDLT on buying a home with an annexe
• Does an inherited share of a home trigger the SDLT surcharge
• SDLT when the price includes chattels or goodwill
• Gift with reservation or pre owned assets tax
• Legal rights in Scotland and inheritance tax
• Gifts by cheque that clear after death
• The loss to the estate principle for inheritance tax
• Grossing up in partly exempt estates
• Can executors reclaim overpaid inheritance tax
• A director’s loan account when the director dies
• Double taxation relief for inheritance tax
• Do gifts to overseas charities get IHT relief
• Do I pay UK tax on an inheritance from abroad
• Lottery syndicates and inheritance tax
• IHT exemption for deaths on active service
• The associated operations rule for inheritance tax
• Inheritance tax on transfers by close companies
• The 14 year rule for inheritance tax
• IHT421 probate summary
• IHT403: reporting gifts in an estate
• Wedding gifts and inheritance tax
• Moving back into a property you have let out
• Do companies have to file a 60 day CGT return
• CGT when a life tenant dies
• Executors’ allowable costs for CGT
• Can I pay shares or property into my pension
• Selling a property to family at an undervalue
• Rollover relief vs gift holdover relief
• Tax on payments to release a restrictive covenant
• Apportioning the sale price of a business
• Escrow and retentions on a share sale
• Tax on selling a website or domain name
• The final nine months exemption for your home
• Tax on a deposit kept when a buyer pulls out
• Is compensation or damages subject to CGT
• Clogged losses on disposals to connected persons
• Mesher orders and capital gains tax
• The EIS risk to capital condition
• EIS1 and SEIS1 compliance statements
• EIS and SEIS advance assurance
• Knowledge intensive companies under EIS
• Rollover relief for company intangible assets
• Corporation tax on overseas property owned by a UK company
• Giving trading stock or equipment to charity
• Debt for equity swaps: tax for the company
• Tax relief for goodwill bought by a company
• How is crypto held by a company taxed
• Honoraria for club and society officers: tax
• The accommodation tie under the SRT
• The 90 day tie under the statutory residence test
• When share sale proceeds are taxed as employment income
• Offshore employment intermediaries and UK NI
• What happens if you break the ISA rules
• Offset mortgages: why the savings are not taxed
• Is a life insurance payout taxable
• Foreign withholding tax on dividends in an ISA
• Pension arrears paid as a lump sum: which year is taxed
• The McCloud remedy and public sector pension tax
• Residential property in a SIPP: taxable property charges
• Can my company pay into my spouse’s pension
• Take home pay in Scotland vs England
• Moving to or from Scotland mid year: which rates apply
• Paying into a UK pension after moving abroad
• Form W8BEN for UK investors in US shares
• Incidental UK duties for non resident employees
• The family tie under the statutory residence test
• The deeming rule for UK days under the SRT
• The full time work abroad test: averaging 35 hours
• Exceptional circumstances days under the SRT
• Moving to the UK: tax steps for new arrivals
• Treaty tie breaker tests for dual residents
• UK pensions when you retire abroad
• Disregarded income for non residents: the section 811 limit
• Completing the additional information pages (SA101)
• Income tax thresholds frozen until 2031
• Are cashback, rewards and switching bonuses taxable
• Is money raised on a crowdfunding page taxable
• Being paid in cryptoassets by your employer
• Crypto staking and lending rewards: income or gains
• Dividend reinvestment plans: tax on reinvested dividends
• Child Trust Funds at 18: tax and what to do
• Is a cash ISA worth it with the savings allowance
• The cash ISA limit cut from April 2027
• Inheriting a spouse’s ISA allowance
• Friendly society tax exempt savings plans
• Qualifying life policies: when gains are tax free
• Onshore or offshore investment bonds: tax differences
• Assigning an investment bond to a spouse or child
• Time apportionment relief on offshore bonds
• Personal portfolio bonds: the yearly deemed gain
• Bond funds paying interest distributions
• REIT property income distributions: how they are taxed
• Fixed rate savings bonds: which year the interest counts
• Why low coupon gilts are tax efficient
• Deeply discounted securities: tax on the discount
• The accrued income scheme on gilts and bonds
• Do you pay National Insurance on pension income
• Do you pay National Insurance on rental income
• US employee stock purchase plans for UK staff
• Why savings interest appears in your tax code
• Tax equalisation for internationally mobile employees
• CA5603: paying voluntary Class 3 National Insurance
• CH2: claiming Child Benefit on the paper form
• IHT205: the old excepted estate return explained
• P50: claiming tax back when you have stopped work
• P85: claiming a tax refund when you leave the UK
• P55, P53Z and P50Z: reclaiming tax on pension withdrawals
• UK IT consultants working abroad: the tax guide
• UK IT contractor working from Australia
• UK IT contractor working from Cyprus
• UK IT contractor working from Dubai: UK tax guide
• UK IT contractor working from France: tax guide
• UK IT contractor working from Germany: tax guide
• UK IT contractor working from Ireland
• UK IT contractor working from Portugal: UK tax guide
• UK IT contractor working from Spain: UK tax guide
• UK IT contractor working from the Netherlands
• UK IT contractor working from the USA: tax guide
• Form CA9176: Specified Adult Childcare Credits
• Airbnb and Short Let Income Tax in the UK
• IHT402: claim to transfer unused nil rate band explained
• IHT409 form: pensions schedule for Inheritance Tax
• IHT410 form: life assurance and annuities schedule
• IHT411 form: listed stocks and shares schedule
• IHT412 form: unlisted shares and control holdings
• IHT419: debts owed by the deceased form explained
• IHT435: claim for residence nil rate band explained
• IHT436: transfer unused residence nil rate band explained

Accounting and standards

Open the Accounting and standards section index

UK GAAP, FRS 102 and FRS 105, bookkeeping, financial statements and audit.

• FRS 102 explained
• FRS 105 and micro entity accounts
• Small company accounts: what to file at Companies House
• Going concern: what directors and accountants must assess
• Depreciation methods and how they work
• Accruals and prepayments explained
• Bad debts: accounting, tax and VAT relief
• Stock valuation: lower of cost and net realisable value
• Bank reconciliation explained
• The trial balance explained
• Double entry bookkeeping explained
• Financial statements explained: P&L and balance sheet
• The cash flow statement explained
• Audit exemption for small companies
• FRS 102 changes from January 2026: leases and revenue
• FRS 102 Section 1A: small entity reporting
• FRS 102 Section 2: concepts and pervasive principles
• FRS 102 Section 3: presenting financial statements
• Balance sheet formats: Companies Act and FRS 102
• Profit and loss account formats
• Statement of changes in equity under FRS 102
• Other comprehensive income under FRS 102
• FRS 102 Section 8: notes to the accounts
• FRS 102 Section 9: consolidated and separate accounts
• FRS 102 Section 10: policies, estimates and errors
• Prior period adjustments: restating comparatives
• FRS 102 Section 11: basic financial instruments
• FRS 102 Section 12: other financial instruments
• Directors’ loans under FRS 102
• Loans at below market interest rates under FRS 102
• Debt or equity: classifying preference shares
• FRS 102 Section 14: investments in associates
• FRS 102 Section 15: joint ventures
• FRS 102 Section 16: investment property
• FRS 102 Section 17: property, plant and equipment
• Revaluing fixed assets and the revaluation reserve
• FRS 102 Section 18: intangible assets
• Capitalising development costs under FRS 102
• Accounting for website and software development costs
• FRS 102 Section 19: business combinations and goodwill
• Goodwill: useful life and amortisation
• Negative goodwill under FRS 102
• Merger accounting for group reconstructions
• Lessor accounting under FRS 102
• Short term and low value lease exemptions
• FRS 102 Section 21: provisions and contingencies
• Dilapidations provisions for leased premises
• Onerous contracts
• FRS 102 Section 22: liabilities and equity
• Principal or agent: gross or net revenue
• Revenue recognised over time for contracts
• FRS 102 Section 24: government grants
• FRS 102 Section 25: borrowing costs
• FRS 102 Section 26: share based payment
• FRS 102 Section 27: impairment of assets
• Impairment of trade debtors under FRS 102
• Holiday pay accruals
• Accounting for defined benefit pension schemes
• Accounting for termination benefits
• FRS 102 Section 29: deferred tax
• Deferred tax on revaluations and investment property
• Functional currency and presentation currency
• Accounting for foreign currency transactions
• Events after the reporting period
• FRS 102 Section 33: related party disclosures
• Agriculture and biological assets under FRS 102
• Heritage assets accounting
• Public benefit entities and concessionary loans
• Transition to FRS 102
• Reduced disclosures for qualifying entities
• Revenue recognition for subscriptions and licences
• Inventory cost formulas: FIFO and weighted average
• Hedge accounting under FRS 102
• FRS 104: interim financial reporting
• FRS 100: which UK GAAP framework applies
• Merger relief and group reconstruction relief
• Investments in subsidiaries in the parent’s accounts
• Measuring unquoted equity investments
• Accounting for R&D tax credits and the expenditure credit
• Accounting for current tax
• Property developers: stock or investment property
• Accounting for customer loyalty schemes
• Accounting for a company purchase of own shares
• Accounting for employee benefit trusts
• Which companies cannot use the micro entity regime
• Choosing between FRS 105 and FRS 102 Section 1A
• Recording goodwill when a sole trader incorporates
• Moving from FRS 105 to FRS 102
• IFRS vs FRS 102: the main differences
• When UK companies must use IFRS
• UK adopted international accounting standards
• FRS 101: the reduced disclosure framework
• IFRS 15 revenue from contracts with customers
• IFRS 16 leases overview
• IFRS 9 expected credit losses
• IFRS 3 business combinations
• IFRS 13 fair value measurement
• IFRS 18 presentation and disclosure
• IFRS 8 operating segments
• Earnings per share under IAS 33
• UK sustainability reporting standards
• Setting up a chart of accounts
• Debits and credits: the rules explained
• The general ledger and subsidiary ledgers
• Sales and purchase ledger control accounts
• Suspense accounts: what they are and how to clear them
• Journal entries explained
• Types of bookkeeping error
• The cash book explained
• Petty cash and the imprest system
• The VAT control account
• Payroll journals and the wages control account
• Entering opening balances in a new system
• Year end closing entries
• Cut off at the year end
• Goods received not invoiced accruals
• Deferred income explained
• Accrued income and unbilled work
• Work in progress for service businesses
• Keeping a fixed asset register
• Setting a capitalisation threshold
• Accounting for the disposal of fixed assets
• Accounting for hire purchase agreements
• Recording business loans and interest
• Recording share issues: share capital and share premium
• Retained earnings and other reserves
• Capital and drawings accounts for sole traders
• Partnership capital and current accounts
• Preparing accounts from incomplete records
• Receipts and payments accounts
• Credit control and the aged debtors report
• Reconciling supplier statements
• Intercompany reconciliations
• The month end close for small businesses
• Source documents and the audit trail
• Perpetual and periodic stock systems
• What goes in cost of sales
• Gross profit, operating profit and net profit
• Contra entries between customers and suppliers
• Writing off a debt in the books
• Accounting for cryptoassets under FRS 102
• Recording dividends in the accounts
• Accounting for gift vouchers and breakage
• Accounting for leasehold improvements
• Bookkeeping for foreign currency bank accounts
• Bank feeds and bank rules in accounting software
• Bookkeeping for CIS deductions
• Bookkeeping for landlords
• Are photos of receipts acceptable to HMRC
• Recording daily takings in cash businesses
• Bookkeeping for marketplace and payment processor payouts
• Purchase invoice approval and three way matching
• Company size thresholds: micro, small, medium and large
• What goes in a directors’ report
• The strategic report
• The section 172 statement
• Notes required in small company accounts
• Writing the accounting policies note
• What a true and fair view means
• Directors’ remuneration disclosures
• Disclosing advances and guarantees to directors
• When a parent company must prepare group accounts
• Correcting filed accounts: revised and defective accounts
• Streamlined energy and carbon reporting (SECR)
• Climate related financial disclosures for companies
• Do sole traders need formal accounts
• Statutory accounts vs management accounts
• Common errors in small company accounts
• Staff numbers and staff costs disclosures
• The statement of directors’ responsibilities
• Approving and signing company accounts
• What management accounts should include
• Budgeting for small businesses
• Cash flow forecasting
• Break even analysis
• Contribution margin explained
• Budget variance analysis
• Standard costing
• Absorption vs marginal costing
• Activity based costing
• Overhead absorption rates
• Job costing for project businesses
• Pricing methods: cost plus, value and competitive pricing
• KPIs for small businesses
• Working capital management
• The cash conversion cycle
• Rolling forecasts vs annual budgets
• Zero based budgeting
• Make or buy decisions
• Relevant costs for decisions
• Investment appraisal: NPV and IRR
• The payback period method
• Business valuation methods
• Scenario and sensitivity analysis
• Unit economics: customer acquisition cost and lifetime value
• Limiting factor analysis
• Fixed, variable and semi variable costs
• Financial projections for a business plan
• Gross margin vs markup
• Net profit margin
• Current ratio and quick ratio
• Debtor days
• Creditor days
• Stock turnover and stock days
• The gearing ratio
• How a statutory audit works
• Types of audit opinion
• Interest cover
• Return on capital employed (ROCE)
• Return on equity
• EBITDA explained
• Debt service cover ratio
• Asset turnover ratio
• Limitations of ratio analysis
• Dividend cover
• Materiality in an audit
• Audit risk assessment under ISA (UK) 315
• Audit sampling
• Auditor independence and the FRC Ethical Standard
• Appointing, removing and changing auditors
• Who can act as a registered auditor
• Management representation letters
• Management letters and internal control points
• Bank and debtor confirmations
• Stocktake attendance by auditors
• Fraud and the auditor: ISA (UK) 240
• The auditor’s responsibilities on going concern
• Auditing accounting estimates
• Review engagements under ISRE 2400 (Revised)
• Agreed upon procedures engagements
• The accountants’ report on unaudited accounts
• Independent examination of charity accounts
• Internal audit vs external audit
• Internal controls for small businesses
• Public interest entities and audit
• Audit reform and the planned regulator
• ISAs (UK): the auditing standards
• Audit documentation and working papers
• Reporting accountants for solicitors
• Group audits and component auditors
• Auditor liability limitation agreements
• Subsidiary audit exemption with a parent guarantee
• First year audits and opening balances
• FRC audit quality inspections
• The Charities SORP explained
• Changes in the new Charities SORP
• Restricted, unrestricted and endowment funds
• The charity trustees’ annual report
• Recognising legacy income in charity accounts
• Allocating support costs in charity accounts
• Charity accounts thresholds for audit and examination
• Scottish charity accounts and OSCR
• Academy trust accounts
• The LLP SORP explained
• Accounting for LLP members’ remuneration
• Members’ interests in an LLP: debt or equity
• LLP accounts: what must be filed
• Accounts for charitable incorporated organisations
• Recognising donations and grants in charity accounts
• Consolidating a charity’s trading subsidiary
• The housing SORP for registered providers
• Accounting for retirement benefits to LLP members
• The further and higher education SORP
• Pension scheme accounts and the SORP
• Small company in a group: audit exemption
• Emphasis of matter and other matter paragraphs
• Engagement quality reviews under ISQM (UK) 2
• Can shareholders demand an audit
• Auditing related parties: ISA (UK) 550
• Analytical procedures in an audit
• Using an auditor’s expert: ISA (UK) 620
• Audits of clients using service organisations
• Communicating with those charged with governance
• The auditor and non compliance with laws
• Journal entry testing by auditors
• What counts as sufficient appropriate audit evidence
• The auditor and other information: ISA (UK) 720
• Assurance on sustainability information: ISSA 5000
• ISAE 3402 service organisation reports
• Compilation engagements under ISRS 4410
• Service charge accounts and accountants’ reports
• CASS audits for FCA regulated firms
• Should a small company have a voluntary audit
• The senior statutory auditor
• Reversing journals explained
• Recording credit notes and refunds
• Unallocated receipts and customer overpayments
• Recording expenses a director paid personally
• Recording personal spending from the company account
• Business credit card reconciliation
• The year end stock journal
• Recording recharges between group companies
• Recording an insurance payout in the books
• Recording tenancy deposits in the books
• Lock dates and closing periods in software
• The aged creditors report
• Sales and purchase day books explained
• Single entry bookkeeping vs double entry
• Contract and exchange income in charity accounts
• Leases in charity accounts from 2026
• Donated goods, services and volunteer time
• Designated funds vs restricted funds
• Writing a charity reserves policy
• Transfers between charity funds
• Can a restricted fund be in deficit
• Total return approach for permanent endowment
• Recognising Gift Aid in charity accounts
• Accounting for grants made by a charity
• Disclosing trustee payments and expenses
• The statement of financial activities (SoFA)
• Accounting for charity mergers
• Gift Aid payments from a trading subsidiary
• Can an LLP claim audit exemption
• Why LLP accounts show no tax on profits
• Overdrawn member accounts in an LLP
• Accounts for cooperative and community benefit societies
• Supplier finance arrangements disclosures
• Uncertain tax treatments under FRS 102
• Pillar Two top up taxes in the accounts
• FRS 102 Section 2A: fair value measurement
• Component depreciation of buildings and plant
• Do I have to depreciate a freehold building
• Property let to a group company: accounting choice
• Accounting for listed shares held by a company
• Accounting for convertible loan notes
• Advance subscription agreements in the accounts
• Forward currency contracts in small company accounts
• Financial guarantees for group borrowings
• Share issue costs: equity or expense
• Accounting for EMI options
• Group share schemes in subsidiary accounts
• Accruing staff bonuses at the year end
• Multi employer pension schemes
• Liability for a pension deficit funding plan
• When can a restructuring provision be made
• Legal claims: provision or contingent liability
• Cash generating units explained
• Calculating value in use
• Can an impairment loss be reversed
• Writing down an intercompany debt
• Can I capitalise staff time on fixed assets
• Repairs or improvements in the accounts
• Assets held for sale: FRS 102 and IFRS 5
• Discontinued operations in the accounts
• Exceptional items: when to show them separately
• The tax reconciliation note
• Deferred tax and full expensing
• Recognising a deferred tax asset for losses
• Which tax rate to use for deferred tax
• Encouraged disclosures for small companies
• Do small companies need a cash flow statement
• The statement of income and retained earnings
• Can start up costs be capitalised
• Customer lists and brands acquired in a deal
• Irrecoverable VAT in the accounts
• Recording section 455 tax in the accounts
• Capital contributions from a parent company
• Accounting for a waived shareholder loan
• Loan arrangement fees and effective interest
• Breached loan covenant: current or non current
• Invoice factoring and discounting in the accounts
• Notes required in micro entity accounts
• Why micro entities do not show deferred tax
• Can micro entities revalue property
• Share options in micro entity accounts
• How micro entities account for leases
• Turnover recognition under FRS 105
• Statements on a small company balance sheet
• Disclosure exemptions for medium sized companies
• Disclosing guarantees, commitments and contingencies
• Disclosing auditor remuneration
• Naming the ultimate controlling party
• Key management personnel compensation
• Reclassifying comparative figures
• Creditors due within and after one year
• Net current liabilities: what it means
• Negative net assets: is the company insolvent
• The capital redemption reserve
• What goes in other operating income
• Distribution costs vs administrative expenses
• Turnover analysis by activity and market
• The fixed asset note: costs and depreciation
• Disclosing key judgements and estimation uncertainty
• First statutory accounts for a new company
• Comparatives for a short or long period
• Can UK company accounts be in euros or dollars
• Investments: fixed asset or current asset
• Offsetting assets and liabilities in the accounts
• Translating a foreign subsidiary in group accounts
• Eliminating intra group balances and transactions
• Unrealised profit on intra group stock
• Non controlling interests explained
• Fair value adjustments on acquisition
• Accounting for earn outs and contingent consideration
• Buying more shares: associate to subsidiary
• Selling a subsidiary: the gain in group accounts
• Selling a stake but keeping control
• When a subsidiary can be left out of group accounts
• Subsidiaries with a different year end
• Omitting the parent’s own profit and loss account
• How to prepare a consolidation worksheet
• Buying a trade and assets vs buying shares
• Accounting for a hive up of a subsidiary’s trade
• IFRS 19 subsidiaries without public accountability
• IFRS 17 insurance contracts overview
• Deferred tax: IAS 12 vs FRS 102
• Annual goodwill impairment testing under IAS 36
• Control under IFRS 10
• Adopting IFRS for the first time: IFRS 1
• Can a company move from IFRS back to FRS 102
• The UK Endorsement Board and new IFRSs
• Expected losses vs incurred losses: IFRS 9 and FRS 102
• Bringing existing leases onto the balance sheet in 2026
• How to measure a right of use asset
• Which discount rate to use for a lease liability
• How break clauses and options affect the lease term
• Accounting for a lease modification or rent change
• Rent reviews and variable lease payments
• Rent free periods under the new lease model
• Sale and leaseback accounting
• How to tell if a contract contains a lease
• Renting premises from a director: lease accounting
• Deferred tax on leases after the 2026 changes
• How the new lease rules affect EBITDA and covenants
• The five step revenue model in FRS 102
• Identifying performance obligations in a contract
• Variable consideration: rebates, discounts and bonuses
• Allocating price across bundled goods and services
• Can sales commissions be capitalised
• Bill and hold sales: when to recognise revenue
• Moving to the new revenue rules in FRS 102
• Warranties: separate service or provision
• Significant financing components in customer contracts
• Consignment stock: whose balance sheet is it on
• Sale or return and customer rights of return
• IFRS 16 vs the new FRS 102 lease rules
• IFRS 15 vs FRS 102 revenue after 2026
• Recording retentions on construction contracts
• Lease or buy: comparing the cost
• Flexed budgets explained
• Internal transfer pricing between divisions
• Process costing
• Customer profitability analysis
• Should I drop a loss making product
• The balanced scorecard
• Cost, profit and investment centres
• Residual income vs ROI for divisions
• Driver based forecasting
• The three way forecast
• Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)
• When can a company change its accounting policy
• The wholly owned group related party exemption
• Close family members as related parties
• How far ahead going concern must be assessed
• Parent company letters of support
• Preparing accounts on a basis other than going concern
• Cash conversion: operating cash flow to EBITDA
• Free cash flow explained
• Net debt: how it is calculated
• Net debt to EBITDA ratio
• DuPont analysis of return on equity
• Normalised EBITDA and add backs
• Horizontal and vertical analysis
• Financial covenants in bank loans
• The Altman Z score
• ARR, MRR and churn for subscription businesses
• Reading a company’s accounts from Companies House
• The statement of affairs in an insolvency
• Can a subsidiary own shares in its parent
• Share capital in a foreign currency and redenomination
• Can directors be prosecuted for not filing accounts
• Directors’ duties in a subsidiary company
• Can you still file company accounts on paper
• Preparing for an audit: what the auditor will ask for
• Can a parent accrue a dividend from its subsidiary
• Amounts owed by group undertakings: presentation
• Accounting for art, gold and collectables held by a company
• Serviced office agreements: is it a lease
• Car leases under the new FRS 102 rules
• Can a small company use full FRS 102 instead of Section 1A
• IFRS 9 classification of financial assets
• Common control combinations under IFRS
• Reverse acquisitions explained
• One statement or two: presenting comprehensive income
• What counts as a cash equivalent
• Direct vs indirect method for the cash flow statement
• Recording a vehicle part exchange
• Recording stock losses and theft
• Goods in transit at the year end
• Needing an audit for the first time after growth
• Reading an auditor’s report section by section
• Audit, review or compilation: which does a company need
• Limited assurance vs reasonable assurance
• Audit report when the prior year was not audited
• Subsequent events and the auditor: ISA (UK) 560
• Misleading the auditor: the section 501 offence
• The non financial and sustainability information statement
• Can an LLP use FRS 105 micro entity accounts
• Goodwill in micro entity accounts
• Loans and financial instruments under FRS 105
• Government grants under FRS 105
• FRS 105 and development costs
• The equity method under IAS 28
• IAS 40 investment property: cost or fair value model
• IFRS 12 disclosure of interests in other entities
• IFRS 11 joint operations and joint ventures
• Government grants: IAS 20 vs FRS 102
• Intangible assets: IAS 38 vs FRS 102
• Provisions: IAS 37 vs FRS 102 Section 21
• Consistent frameworks across a group: section 407
• FRS 101 or FRS 102 for a subsidiary
• Subsidiary, associate or joint venture: how to tell
• Exchange differences on intra group loans
• Consolidating a subsidiary with net liabilities
• Consolidating a subsidiary bought part way through the year
• Is an overdraft part of cash in the cash flow statement
• Accounting for growth shares
• Accounting for a demerger
• Accounting for a capital reduction
• Which overheads can be included in stock
• Historical cost vs fair value accounting
• Materiality when preparing accounts
• Substance over form in accounting
• Depreciation, amortisation and impairment compared
• Reserve vs provision: why they are not the same
• Provision vs accrual: what is the difference
• Discounting long term provisions
• Contingent assets: when can they be recognised
• Fully depreciated assets still in use
• Reviewing useful lives and residual values
• Assets under construction: when to start depreciating
• Deposits paid on fixed assets
• Accounting for key person insurance
• Accounting for carbon credits and emissions allowances
• Can advertising costs be carried forward
• Accounting for trade mark and patent registration costs
• Accounting for cloud software configuration costs
• Customer deposits: liability or revenue
• Accounting for a lease premium paid by a tenant
• Peppercorn rent leases under the new FRS 102
• Accounting for a sublease under the new FRS 102
• Costs to fulfil a contract: when they become an asset
• Contract modifications under the new FRS 102 revenue rules
• Simplified customs declarations and EIDR
• Making import and export declarations on CDS
• Sale and leaseback of property: the tax effects
• Can I use sole trader losses after incorporating
• Corporation tax when a company goes into administration
• Are redundancy payments tax deductible
• How are interest rate swaps taxed for a company
• Is equity release money taxable

Company law and admin

Open the Company law and admin section index

Companies Act duties, Companies House filings, shares, directors and insolvency.

• Companies House identity verification
• Companies House accounts deadlines and late filing penalties
• Dormant company accounts and tax
• Registered office address rules
• Persons with significant control (PSC)
• Directors’ duties under the Companies Act 2006
• How to allot new shares in a limited company
• Company purchase of own shares (share buyback)
• Reduction of share capital
• Changing a company’s year end (accounting reference date)
• Limited liability partnerships (LLPs) explained
• The company secretary: role and duties
• A company’s statutory registers
• Wrongful trading and director liability
• Striking off a company: the DS01 process
• The duty to promote the success of the company
• Directors’ conflicts of interest under section 175
• Declaring an interest in a proposed transaction
• Directors’ service contracts
• Substantial property transactions with directors
• Loans to directors: member approval under the Companies Act
• Ratifying a director’s breach of duty
• Director disqualification
• Shadow directors and de facto directors
• Who can be a company director
• How to appoint a company director
• Removing a director under section 168
• Resigning as a company director
• Protecting a director’s home address
• Indemnifying directors: what the law allows
• Director liability for unlawful dividends
• Misfeasance claims against directors
• Directors’ duty to consider creditors
• Derivative claims by shareholders
• Unfair prejudice petitions (section 994)
• The duty to keep accounting records
• How long companies must keep records
• Company name rules and sensitive words
• Changing a company’s name
• Trading disclosures on invoices, emails and websites
• How a company executes documents and deeds
• Directors’ authority to bind the company
• What rights do shareholders have
• Company investigations by the Insolvency Service
• Non executive directors: duties and liabilities
• Alternate directors
• Who decides directors’ pay
• When directors are personally liable for company debts
• Pre incorporation contracts: who is liable
• Electronic signatures on company documents
• Intra group guarantees and corporate benefit
• Structuring a joint venture: company or contract
• The Wates Principles for large private companies
• How to incorporate a limited company
• Changing a director’s details at Companies House
• Filing LLP changes at Companies House
• Registering a charge at Companies House
• Removing a satisfied charge from the register
• Restoring a struck off company
• Objecting to a company being struck off
• Bona vacantia: assets of a dissolved company
• Why Companies House rejects filings
• Companies House authentication codes
• Software only accounts filing at Companies House
• Companies House powers to query and remove information
• The registered email address requirement
• The lawful purpose statement
• Removing personal information from the public register
• Companies House fees
• Which resolutions must be filed at Companies House
• Reporting fraudulent filings at Companies House
• The Register of Overseas Entities
• Registering an overseas company’s UK establishment
• Keeping company registers at an alternative location
• Moving a registered office between UK jurisdictions
• Different classes of shares
• Alphabet shares and dividend flexibility
• Transferring shares in a private company
• What happens to shares when a shareholder dies
• Pre emption rights on new shares and transfers
• Drag along and tag along rights
• Shareholders’ agreements
• Share certificates
• The share premium account
• Partly paid shares and calls
• Subdividing or consolidating shares
• Redeemable shares
• Converting or redesignating share classes
• Issuing shares for non cash consideration
• Bonus issues and capitalisation of reserves
• Financial assistance for the purchase of own shares
• Good leaver and bad leaver provisions
• Protection for minority shareholders
• Treasury shares
• Nominee shareholders
• Varying class rights
• Share option agreements: key legal terms
• Convertible loan notes
• Advance subscription agreements
• Valuing shares under the articles: fair value clauses
• Warranties and indemnities when selling a company
• Distributable reserves under Part 23
• Interim and final dividends
• Relevant accounts for a distribution
• Capital contributions: funding a company without new shares
• Dividends in specie
• Realised and distributable profits guidance
• Intra group transfers at undervalue as distributions
• Paying dividends up a group structure
• Cumulative preference dividends and arrears
• Written resolutions for private companies
• Ordinary and special resolutions
• Board meetings: procedure and quorum
• Writing board minutes
• Calling a general meeting: notice periods
• Do private companies need an AGM
• Members requisitioning a general meeting
• Proxies and voting at general meetings
• Virtual and hybrid company meetings
• Decisions by a sole director
• Informal unanimous consent: the Duomatic principle
• Shareholder deadlock in 50:50 companies
• Private companies limited by shares
• Companies limited by guarantee
• Community interest companies
• The CIC34 report and the CIC Regulator
• Public limited companies: requirements
• Unlimited companies
• Charitable incorporated organisations
• Co operative and community benefit societies
• Re registering a company as a different type
• Articles of association and model articles
• The memorandum of association
• Setting up a holding company: legal steps
• Choosing a structure for a social enterprise
• Right to manage companies
• Flat management company directors’ duties
• The Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act explained
• Authorised corporate service providers
• Compulsory strike off by Companies House
• Limited partnership reforms
• Corporate criminal liability: the senior manager test
• Shareholder identity information on the register
• The end of keeping registers at Companies House
• False statements to Companies House: the offences
• Companies House data sharing with other agencies
• ECCTA implementation timeline
• When is a company insolvent: the two tests
• Creditors’ voluntary liquidation
• Members’ voluntary liquidation
• Compulsory liquidation
• Validation orders after a winding up petition
• Company administration
• Pre pack administration
• Company voluntary arrangements
• Restructuring plans under Part 26A
• The Part A1 moratorium
• Fraudulent trading
• Preferences in insolvency
• Transactions at an undervalue
• Phoenix companies and prohibited names
• Overdrawn director’s loan account in liquidation
• Directors’ personal guarantees
• Redundancy pay when an employer is insolvent
• HMRC as a secondary preferential creditor
• Retention of title claims
• Statutory demands
• Claiming in an insolvency: proof of debt
• Fixed and floating charges
• The prescribed part for unsecured creditors
• Fixed charge receivers
• What an insolvency practitioner does
• Investigations into director conduct after insolvency
• Investigations into directors of dissolved companies
• Bounce back loans: director liability on default
• Can you be a director again after liquidation
• How much liquidation costs and who pays
• Partnership insolvency
• Individual voluntary arrangements
• Personal bankruptcy basics
• Debt relief orders
• The breathing space debt respite scheme
• General partnerships: legal nature
• The Partnership Act 1890 default rules
• Partnership agreements: key clauses
• Partners’ joint and several liability
• Expelling a partner
• Who owns partnership property and goodwill
• Limited partnerships
• Scottish partnerships and legal personality
• LLP members’ agreements
• Designated members of an LLP
• Duties of LLP members
• Converting a partnership to an LLP
• Partnership, LLP or limited company
• LLP member clawback on insolvency
• Leaving a partnership and dissolution
• Gender pay gap reporting
• Modern slavery statements
• Sole traders and unlimited liability
• Business names and trading names: the rules
• What happens to a sole trader’s business on death
• Does a sole trader need a business bank account
• Moving from sole trader to limited company: legal steps
• Statutory interest and compensation for late payment
• Registering a trade mark for a small business
• Running a business from home: legal permissions
• Payment practices reporting
• What happens when a sole director dies
• When and how to register a charity
• Charity trustees’ duties
• The Charity Commission annual return
• Charity serious incident reporting
• Business tenancy renewal rights under the 1954 Act
• Written statement of employment particulars
• Who can inspect a company’s register of members
• Sending notices to identify PSCs
• PSC restrictions notices on shares
• When family members together count as a PSC
• PSCs where shares are held by a trust
• Relevant legal entities on the PSC register
• Does a company need a company seal
• Serving legal documents on a company
• Can company registers be kept electronically
• What if the statutory registers are not up to date
• What happens if a confirmation statement is late
• The statement of capital explained
• Form SH01: filing a return of allotment
• Changing a registered office: when it takes effect
• Notifying PSC changes: which form to use
• Correcting a Companies House filing with form RP04
• Removing wrong information from the Companies House register
• Can you get an extension to file company accounts
• Filing deadline for a new company’s first accounts
• Appealing a Companies House late filing penalty
• Objecting to a company name: the Company Names Adjudicator
• Annual filing calendar for a small limited company
• Registering a charge late: extending the 21 days
• Withdrawing a strike off application (form DS02)
• What Companies House shows about a director
• Accounts filing for an overseas company’s UK establishment
• Why your name stays on Companies House after resigning
• Keep a company dormant or strike it off
• Buying a ready made shelf company
• Charitable company or CIO: which structure
• When to use a company limited by guarantee
• The duty to act within powers (section 171)
• The duty to exercise independent judgment (section 173)
• The duty of reasonable care, skill and diligence
• The duty not to accept benefits from third parties
• Declaring an interest in an existing transaction
• Can a director inspect the company’s books
• Is a company director an employee
• Payments for loss of office to directors
• Getting court permission to act while disqualified
• What happens if you act as a director while disqualified
• Compensation orders against disqualified directors
• Can an undischarged bankrupt be a company director
• What happens if the last director resigns
• Retirement by rotation of directors
• Directors and officers insurance for small companies
• The chair’s casting vote at board meetings
• Can someone living abroad be a director of a UK company
• Nominee directors and their duties
• Removing a director from the company bank mandate
• Signing contracts as a director without personal liability
• Dividend paperwork: vouchers and board minutes
• Can a company pay a dividend after a loss making year
• Unclaimed dividends: what happens to them
• Can you pay different dividends on the same share class
• Crediting dividends to a director’s loan account
• How to put right an unlawful dividend
• What happens if a director does not verify their identity
• What is a Companies House personal code
• Verifying identity: GOV.UK One Login or an ACSP
• When existing directors must verify their identity
• When PSCs must verify their identity
• Relevant officers of a corporate PSC
• Identity checks for people filing at Companies House
• The Companies House default registered office address
• Annotations on the Companies House register
• Can a company be a director of another company
• What to do when a winding up petition is served
• Liquidators’ powers to require information
• Disclaiming onerous property in a liquidation
• Insolvency set off between a company and its creditors
• The order of priority for paying creditors in liquidation
• Transactions defrauding creditors (section 423)
• Invalid floating charges under section 245
• Company rescue options compared
• Liquidation or strike off: which route to close a company
• Directors as creditors of their insolvent company
• How insolvency practitioners’ fees are approved
• The liquidation committee: what creditors can do
• Creditor decisions: deemed consent and virtual meetings
• Winding up on the just and equitable ground
• Bankruptcy restrictions orders and undertakings
• IVA or bankruptcy: which is better
• Informal arrangements with creditors
• Setting aside a statutory demand
• What is the minimum debt for a winding up petition
• What happens to directors in administration
• Employees in administration: wages and TUPE
• Quorum at general meetings
• Records of members’ decisions and meeting minutes
• Amending articles of association: the procedure
• Entrenched provisions in articles of association
• Board decisions without a meeting
• Adjourning a general meeting
• Do shareholders have to approve a private company’s accounts
• Shareholders’ agreement or articles: which to use
• What happens when an LLP falls below two members
• How to incorporate an LLP
• The PSC register for LLPs
• Retiring as an LLP member
• What is a partnership at will
• Holding out: liability as an apparent partner
• What happens when a partner dies
• Salaried partners: partner or employee
• Is a new partner liable for old partnership debts
• Retiring partner liability: giving notice to creditors
• Private fund limited partnerships
• The limited partner safe harbour list
• Can a company issue shares at a discount
• Nominal value: what a share’s par value means
• How many shares should a new company issue
• Non voting shares: how they work
• Deferred shares: what they are and why they are used
• Jointly held shares: voting, dividends and notices
• What to do if a share certificate is lost
• Rectifying the register of members
• Buying back shares out of capital
• Small share buybacks: the de minimis exemption
• Can a share buyback be paid in instalments
• Can directors refuse to register a share transfer
• What happens to company shares on divorce
• What happens to shares when a shareholder goes bankrupt
• Ways to return capital to shareholders
• Giving shares to an employee: the company law steps
• Transferring shares to a family member
• Can a UK company move its registered office abroad
• Getting alerts when a company files at Companies House
• What happens to your shares when a company is liquidated
• MVL or CVL: the differences
• Are shareholders liable for an insolvent company’s debts
• Can a director claim redundancy pay when a company fails
• Buying a company’s assets back from the liquidator
• Can directors take a salary when a company is insolvent
• Registers an LLP must keep
• Can an LLP be dormant
• Approving and signing LLP accounts
• Settling accounts when a partnership is dissolved
• LLP or limited partnership: the differences
• Can a company be a partner in a partnership
• Striking off an LLP
• Converting an LLP to a limited company
• Default rules for LLPs without an agreement
• Can an LLP have a corporate member
• Can a company lend money to a shareholder
• Do directors need to check solvency before a dividend
• Dividends on shares issued during the year
• Can an LLP pay dividends
• Can a dividend be paid out of share premium
• Who gets the dividend when shares are sold
• Can a dividend be cancelled after it is declared
• Declared but unpaid dividends
• Can you backdate a dividend
• Can a company pay dividends monthly
• Raising money from friends and family: promotion rules
• Rights issues in a private company
• Called up, paid up and unpaid share capital
• A company’s lien on its shares
• Forfeiture and surrender of shares
• Dealing with untraceable shareholders
• Can a child own shares in a company
• What happened to authorised share capital
• Is there a minimum share capital for a private company
• Deeds of adherence for new shareholders
• Buying out a fellow shareholder
• Can you remove a shareholder from a company
• Shareholders’ rights to copies of company documents
• Can a shareholder see the company’s books
• Corporate shareholders and corporate representatives
• Can shareholders instruct the directors
• Which decisions need shareholders and which the board
• Does a company need an objects clause
• Table A articles for older companies
• Sending accounts to shareholders: the section 423 duty
• Sending company documents to shareholders electronically
• Powers of attorney for directors and shareholders
• How to find out who owns a UK company
• Agreeing to be a director of someone else’s company
• The role of the chair of a company board
• How many directors does a company need
• How to check if someone is a disqualified director
• Director liability for the directors’ and strategic reports
• Time limits for claims against directors
• Court relief for directors who acted honestly
• Can a director take security over company assets
• Documenting a director’s loan to the company
• Directors’ duties in a dormant company
• Duties that continue after a director resigns
• Am I liable for company debts after resigning as a director
• The difference between a director and a shareholder
• Can a director vote on a matter they are interested in
• What a managing director is legally
• Delegating board powers to committees and managers
• Can a director run a competing business
• Single member companies: the extra rules
• Welsh companies and Welsh company names
• Appointed as a director without your consent
• A company is using my address without permission
• Do you still file accounts after applying to strike off
• Does a company in liquidation still file accounts
• What a Gazette notice about your company means
• Certified company documents for use abroad
• Getting a certificate of good standing
• Choosing and changing SIC codes
• The significant influence or control PSC condition
• Companies with no registrable PSC
• Do you need to verify identity to form a company
• Verifying identity as a director living abroad
• Verifying identity without a passport or driving licence
• Identity verification for LLP members
• Recording charitable donations made by a company
• Recording assets a director transfers into the company
• Shares that were never properly allotted
• Dividends paid from pre acquisition profits
• Recording dividends received from investments
• Regulation 72 directions: making a director pay PAYE
• Does an accounts extension extend the CT600 deadline
• Scottish Aggregates Tax
• UK partners in a foreign partnership
• Reclaiming foreign withholding tax on dividends
• Letters of wishes and section 143 transfers
• Should I take a dividend before selling my company
• Capital allowances in a partnership
• Section 266 election for transfers between connected persons
• Share buyback or MVL: which suits a retiring owner
• Donating to charity through your company or personally
• Funding your company: loan or shares
• The profit fragmentation rules
• Qualifying asset holding companies explained
• Writing off a loan between connected companies
• Indexation allowance on company chargeable gains
• How much dividend income can you get tax free
• Paying Scottish tax by mistake: getting it corrected
• Marginal tax rates for Scottish taxpayers
• Dividends on family company shares held by children
• Dividends in specie: how the shareholder is taxed
• Partly paid shares and the notional loan charge
• Share awards for internationally mobile employees
• D&O insurance and work liabilities: the exemption
• Company motorbikes: how the benefit is taxed
• Umbrella or limited company: which suits a contractor
• Section 8 decisions on employment status for NI
• Mini umbrella company fraud: the warning signs
• Managed service company rules for contractors
• AA01: changing your company’s accounting reference date
• AP01: how to appoint a director at Companies House
• CS01: the confirmation statement explained
• IN01: registering a company on paper or online
• PSC01: telling Companies House about a new PSC
• TM01: telling Companies House a director has left

Tax investigation insurance

Open the Tax investigation insurance section index

• What is tax fee protection insurance
• Tax investigation insurance
• Why use a broker
• Is it worth it
• How much an investigation costs
• What it does not cover
• For limited companies
• For sole traders
• For contractors
• For landlords
• Cover for partnerships and LLPs
• Cover for CIS subcontractors
• Cover for crypto investors
• Broker, direct or accountant scheme
• Buying cover after HMRC writes
• Do I need it if I have an accountant
• Cover for online sellers
• Cover for holiday let owners
• Cover for gig economy workers
• Cover for company directors
• Cover for employers
• Cover for VAT registered businesses
• Making Tax Digital and HMRC enquiries
• Cover for new businesses
• Cover for construction contractors
• Cover for hospitality businesses
• Cover for content creators
• Cover for taxi drivers
• Cover for non resident landlords
• Cover for property developers
• Cover for high earners
• Cover for freelancers

How this wiki connects to cover

Many of the topics here are exactly the areas HMRC examines: expenses, directors’ loans, VAT thresholds, benefits, IR35 and the way company owners take income. If HMRC opens an enquiry or a compliance check, the professional fees to defend you can run into thousands of pounds even when your figures are correct. A Solar Protect policy can cover up to £100,000 of your own accountant’s fees, with no excess, and you keep using your own accountant. To see what cover would cost, get a quote or contact us.